Insulin
This type of insulin is cloudy
What is NPH insulin?
Deep, fast breathing to try and blow off CO2 when the patient has metabolic acidosis from diabetic ketoacidosis.
What are Kussmaul's respirations?
Diagnose diabetes with the value of > or = to 126
What is fasting glucose?
Which type of diabetes is caused by an autoimmune process?
What is type I diabetes?
May cause contrast-induced nephropathy if given with iodinated radiological contrast.
What is metformin? (Biguanide)
Onset is 5-15 minutes.
What is rapid acting insulin?
Hyperglycemia during the night as well as the morning.
What is Dawn phenomenon?
Measures the amount of glycosylated hemoglobin as a percentage of total hemoglobin to calculate the average glucose over the previous 3 months.
What is Hemoglobin A1c?
Secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreas as a result of hypoglycemia.
Adverse effects include fluid retention, weight gain, edema, and is contraindicated in heart failure.
What is Pioglitazone (Actos)
THIAZOLIDINEDIONES (TZDs)
2 types of insulin that can be given IV?
What are rapid-acting and short-acting?
In diabetic ketoacidosis, decreased glucose utilization by cells results in increased fat breakdown, producing free fatty acids.
What are ketones?
What are classic symptoms of type 1 diabetes? (3)
What are polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia?
What is the primary defect in Type 1 diabetes?
No insulin production
Slows the breakdown of the gut hormones (incretin hormones) to stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreas by inhibiting DPP-4.
What is Sitagliptin (Januvia)?
Clear to cloudy
What is how to mix NPH with regular or short acting insulin?
Treatment for the Somogyi effect.
What is a bedtime snack and /or reduce dose of insulin?
When blood glucose levels exceed the renal threshold (approximately 180 mg/dL), glucose spills into the urine, drawing water into the urine which causes excessive urine output.
What is osmotic diuresis?
High cholesterol and triglycerides, visceral obesity, hypertension, and insulin resistance clustered together increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes.
What is metabolic syndrome?
Inhibits sodium-glucose transport, so glucose is not reabsorbed in the kidneys but instead is excreted.
What is Dapagliflozin (Farxiga)?
Loss of or abnormal distribution of adipose tissue with insulin injections.
What is lipodystrophy?
2 medications that can be given to treat hypoglycemia and their routes of administration.
50% dextrose IV and glucagon IM
Explain the pathophysiology behind unintentional weight loss in type I diabetes.
Despite eating, the body remains in metabolic starvation because cells can’t use glucose for energy and must break down protein and fat for energy, leading to unintentional weight loss.
What are the primary defects in Type II diabetes? (2)
Decreased insulin production and/or insulin resistance.
Name 5 signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia.
Sweating, hunger, blurry vision, headache, irritable, shakiness, dizziness, tachycardia, weakness, fatigue, anxiety