Enlightenment Thinkers
He believed all people are born with natural rights to life, liberty, and property.
Who is John Locke?
Enlightenment thinkers believed government exists to protect these types of rights shared by all humans.
What are natural rights?
This 1789 uprising in France challenged absolute monarchy and social inequality.
What is the French Revolution?
The Industrial Revolution began in this country during the late 18th century.
What is Great Britain?
The movement of people from rural areas to cities is called this.
What is urbanization?
This Enlightenment thinker argued that government power should be divided among branches.Who is Montesquieu?
Who is Montesquieu?
The belief that citizens should have a say in their government inspired this political movement across Europe and Latin America.
What is the spread of democratic or revolutionary ideas?
This leader helped free much of South America from Spanish rule.
Who is Simón Bolívar?
This invention made thread production faster, helping to expand the textile industry.
What is the Spinning Jenny?
Rapid industrial growth led to overcrowded housing and contaminated water, causing outbreaks of these.
What are diseases such as cholera or typhoid?
Who is Jean-Jacques Rousseau?
He believed that government should be based on the “general will” of the people.
The idea that government power comes from the people is known as this principle.
What is popular sovereignty?
This enslaved leader guided Haiti to independence from France.
Who is Toussaint L’Ouverture?
This new source of power fueled machinery, trains, and ships during industrialization.
What is the steam engine?
Industrialization caused social changes, including the rise of this new class of factory owners and professionals.
What is the middle class (bourgeoisie)?
Who is Adam Smith?
This economist promoted the idea of laissez-faire, meaning government should limit interference in the economy.
Enlightenment ideas about equality inspired movements for independence and reforms during this era.
What is the Age of Revolutions?
This woman wrote The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen during the French Revolution.
Who is Olympe de Gouges?
Many children worked long hours in dangerous conditions during this era, a practice known as what?
What is child labor?
Reformers and public health officials improved city living conditions by building modern systems for this essential service.
What is sanitation or clean water supply?
What is the social contract or Enlightenment principle of natural rights?
Enlightenment thinkers promoted the idea that government should protect citizens’ natural rights rather than rule by divine right.
Critics like Karl Marx believed industrial capitalism would lead to this new economic system.
What is communism?
Enlightenment ideas about liberty and equality influenced revolutions across Europe and Latin America during this century.
What is the 19th century?
Factory reform laws during the 1800s limited working hours and improved safety for which groups?
Who are women and children?
Industrialization spread from Britain to other parts of Europe and later to Asia, contributing to this global pattern of expansion.
What is imperialism or global industrial growth?