Section 1
What architectural innovations allowed cities to grow upward rather than outward?
Elevators and steel allowed for the building of skyscrapers.
Why did public education expand during the late 19th century?
Curriculum expanded to include courses in science, civics, and social studies along with vocational courses such as industrial drafting, carpentry, mechanics, and office work. This would attract more students to attend school and be a productive member of a capitalist society.
What was the purpose of Jim Crow laws?
To segregate African Americans from whites in schools, hospitals, parks, buildings, and transportation systems throughout the South.
How did leisure time increase for Americans at the turn of the 20th century?
In order to fight off city congestion and dull industrial work, they would enjoy amusement parks, bicycling, theater, and spectator sports.
What role did Frederick Law Olmsted play in developing urban parks?
He wanted to restore serenity to the city environment with recreational areas. He designed "Greensward" which is now called Central Park in New York City along with planning the landscaping for Washington D.C. and St. Louis.
Why were there sharp differences in educational opportunities for white and black children?
African Americans would not have access to public school education in the south until 1940s. Private schools for African Americans received no government funding. White children had more access to public education and white schools received government funding.
How did the poll tax and literacy tests keep African Americans from voting?
Poll taxes took advantage of poor African Americans preventing them from being able to afford voting. Poor whites could vote due to the grandfather clause.
What were some of the most popular spectator sports during this period?
Boxing AND Baseball
How did George Eastman’s Kodak camera change photography and journalism?
Photographers could use a flexible film coated with gelatin emulsions, and could send their film to a studio for processing instead of carrying their darkrooms around with them and using heavy glass plates. This caused more people to become amateur photographers and create photojournalism.
Why did some immigrants oppose sending their children to public schools?
The public school system aimed to Americanize immigrants and some immigrants did not like the suppression of their native language, culture, and religion.
What was the purpose of the “grandfather clause”?
The clause states that even if a man failed the literacy test or could not afford the poll tax, he was still entitled to vote if he, his father, or his grandfather had been eligible to vote before January 1, 1867.
How did Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst transform American journalism?
Pulitzer founded New York World and added comics, sports coverage, and women's news to his papers. Hearst would compete by adding exaggerated tales of personal scandals, cruelty, and hypnotism with large attractive headlines.
How did electric streetcars and subways change life in American cities?
Allowed cities to spread outward and suburbs to grow; trolly cars (electric street cars) traveled to neighborhoods to downtown city offices and department stores. Made transportation quicker and more efficient.
What were the goals of the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute and the Niagara Movement?
Tuskegee Normal/Industrial Institute: Equip African Americans with useful skills in agricultural, domestic, and mechanical work.
Niagara Movement: Supported African Americans receiving their liberal arts education to be leaders in communities.
How did racial etiquette and acts of violence, such as lynching, reinforce segregation and white supremacy in the South?
Racial etiquette and violence belittled and humiliated African Americans enforcing a second-class status. In turn, this strived to reinforce white supremacy by making African Americans feel less than or below them.
What was the Ashcan School, and how did it reflect urban realism?
The Ashcan school was an art school that painted urban life and working people in a gritty, brutally honest way.
What impact did the Wright brothers’ invention have on communication and transportation?
What were the main differences between Booker T. Washington’s and W. E. B. Du Bois’s views on education for African Americans?
Booker T. Washington: Racism would end once African Americans acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value.
Du Bois: African Americans should seek a liberal arts education so African Americans could be well-educated leaders.
How did the Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson affect racial segregation?
Ruled that separation of races in public accommodations was legal and did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment. It set a precedent in the legal system.
What new methods of retailing changed how Americans shopped at the turn of the century?
The development of the department store featuring multiple floors with different items, chain stores, advertising, and mailing catalogues to consumers to attract their business.