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Mechanisms of Drug Resistance
Antibiotics Action
Spreading of Antibiotic Resistance
History of Antibiotic
Vocabulary
100

A bacterial cell can synthesize these to inactivate a drug

Enzyme

100

Inhibition of protein synthesis is achieved by binding to this bacterial structure

Ribosome

100
Acquisition of new genes from another organism in the environment

Horizontal gene transfer

100

What was the first antibiotic discovered?

Penicillin

100
Substance produced by the natural metabolic processes of some microorganisms that can inhibit or kill other microorganism

Antibiotic

200

This mechanism of resistance lowers the drugs ability to enter the cell

Decreased permeabiliy

200

Antibiotics can often interfere with cell wall synthesis by targeting this specific substance

Peptidoglycan

200

Chromosomal drug resistance normally arises from spontaneous ________. 

Mutation

200

Large scale production of antibiotics began during this international conflict 

World War ll

200

A lab technique to test for antibiotic effectiveness by measuring zone of inhibitions on a agar plate

Kirby-Bauer technique

300

_______ sites for drugs are decreased in number or affinity

Binding
300

Antibiotics that affect the cell membrane will distort the ____________ bilayer of bacterial cells to cause leakages of essential substances 

Phospholipid

300

Persistors survive antibiotics through doing this

Stopping metabolism

300

A gene-editing tool that is growing in usage to combat growing antibiotic resistance

CRISPR
300
The smallest concentration of drug that visibly inhibits growth

Minimum inhibitory concentration

400

In this mechanism, the drugs are immediately eliminated from the cell by using ____ ______. 

Drug pumps
400

Antibiotics can target this enzyme that unwinds DNA during replication or transcription

Helicase

400

Any large population of microbes contains a few cells that will already be ____ __________. 

Drug resistant

400

The Soviet Union used ____________ as treatments for antibiotic resistant bacteria

Bacteriophages

400

A drug that is produced entirely by chemical reactions

Synthetic Drugs

500

Bacteria can avoid a drugs impact by shutting down this

Metabolism

500

Inhibition of _____ acid can halt DNA and protein synthesis in bacteria 

Folic

500

We may enter a ____-_________ era where certain infections may be untreatable 

Post-antibiotic

500

This Scottish microbiologist is best known for discovering the first broadly effective antibiotic substance

Sir Alexander Fleming

500

The ratio of the dose of the drug that is toxic to humans compared to its minimum effective dose

Therapeutic index