ENERGY
State two forms of energy
Light, heat, kinetic, potential, chemical, gravitational, sound...
What is the function of the nucleus?
Controls the cell and holds DNA
What is a tissue?
A group of specialised cells working together
Name all the organs/muscle in the respiratory system.
Lungs, trachea, bronchi, diaphragm.
Name at least three organs in the urinary system.
Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra.
Name the four components of blood.
Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma.
Name at least 3 organs/parts of the digestive system.
large intestine, oesophagus, small intestines, mouth, pancreas, liver, stomach.
Foods, fuels, batteries
What is the role of the mitochondria?
Produces energy for the cell via respiration
Give an example of three specialised cells
Red blood cell, white blood cell, nerve cell, muscle cell, guard cell
What is the function of the trachea?
Carries air to the lungs
What is the structure and function of the bladder?
A muscular sac that can expand to store urine
What is the function of arteries?
Carry blood away from the heart.
What is the main role of the small intestine?
Absorption of nutrients.
State the Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed
Explain the function of chloroplasts
Site of photosynthesis, producing glucose and oxygen
Why do multicellular organisms need specialised cells?
To carry out different functions efficiently
What process happens in the alveoli?
Gas exchange — oxygen in, carbon dioxide out.
What is the main job of the kidneys?
Filter blood to remove waste by producing urine.
What is the function of red blood cells?
Carry oxygen around the body using haemoglobin.
Name one organ that performs both mechanical and chemical digestion.
Mouth or stomach
Identify the useful and wasted energy in a TV
Useful = light + sound
Wasted = heat
State 2 differences between plant and animal cells
Plant cells have chloroplasts, cell walls, and a large vacuole
State the order of organisation in the body from smallest to largest
Cell → Tissue → Organ → Body System → Organism
Explain the role of the diaphragm in breathing.
Contracts to pull air in; relaxes to push air out.
What does the urethra do?
Carries urine out of the body
What is the structure and function of capillaries do?
The smallest blood vessel that allows gas and nutrient exchange from the blood to other cells.
Explain the difference between chemical and mechanical digestion.
Chemical = enzymes and acids break food down
Mechanical = food is physically broken apart.
Contrast energy transfer and transformation
Transfer = same type of energy moves
Transformation = energy changes into a different form
State the 3 principles of the Cell Theory
All living things are made of cells
Cells come from pre-existing cells
Cells are the basic unit of life.
Describe the relationship between organs and organ/body systems.
Organ systems are made from organs working together to perform major functions.
Explain the full path that gas takes as it enters and exits the body.
Oxygen enters the mouth/nose travels down the trachea into the bronchi -> bronchioles -> alveoli. Gas exchange occurs, carbon dioxide is then exhaled back along the same path.
How do the kidneys help maintain homeostasis?
Regulate water levels, salt balance, body pH levels and remove waste products
Describe the full journey of blood around the body. Starting from deoxygenated blood at the Heart.
Heart → lungs → heart → arteries → arterioles → capillaries → venules → veins → heart
Explain what the role of villi are in the small intestine and how celiac disease affects them.
Villi increase the surface area of the small intestine aiding in the absorption of nutrients. Celiac disease causes the body's immune system to attack the villi. This damages them reducing the surface area and therefore reducing the body's ability to absorb nutrients.