Experiment
What medium was used for isolating endophytic fungi from the coconut cotyledon strips?
a. Nutrient agar
b. MacConkey agar
c. Potato dextrose agar
d. Chocolate agar
c. Potato dextrose agar
According to the ANOVA results, which test organisms showed statistically significant differences in inhibition zones among the five fungal isolates?
a. Staphylococcus aureus and Serratia marcescens
b. Escherichia coli only
c. Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Candida tropicalis
d. Bacillus subtilis only
c. Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Candida tropicalis
Which of the following endophytic fungal isolates from Cocos nucifera cotyledon exhibited the broadest antimicrobial activity, inhibiting all test organisms except Serratia marcescens?
a. Aspergillus flavus (CN-EF3)
b. Raffaelea sp. (CN-EF2)
c. Pseudallescheria sp. (CN-EF5)
d. Clasdosporium sp. (CN-EF4)
b. Raffaelea sp. (CN-EF2)
What defines endophytic fungi?
a. Fungi that only grow on dead plant material
b. Fungi that are used exclusively in food fermentation
c. Fungi that cause disease in plants
d. Fungi that live inside healthy plant tissues without causing harm
d. Fungi that live inside healthy plant tissues without causing harm
What is the main purpose of isolating endophytic fungi from Cocos nucifera in this study?
a. To identify fungi that can enhance coconut growth
b. To determine the nutritional value of coconut tissues
c. To test the plant's photosynthetic activity
d. To evaluate their antimicrobial activity against selected pathogens
d. To evaluate their antimicrobial activity against selected pathogens
Which method was used to assess the antimicrobial activity of the fungal isolates?
a. Agar plug diffusion test
b. Disk diffusion test
c. Serial dilution plating
d. Broth microdilution assay
a. Agar plug diffusion test
Which of the following pathogens showed no significant difference in inhibition zones among the fungal isolates according to ANOVA results?
a. Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis
b. Staphylococcus aureus and Serratia marcescens
c. Candida tropicalis and Escherichia coli
d. Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus
b. Staphylococcus aureus and Serratia marcescens
How many endophytic fungal isolates were initially obtained from the 20 cotyledon tissue samples of Cocos nucifera?
a. 5
b. 13
c. 17
d. 12
d. 12
Which genus of fungi is known to produce a wide range of bioactive compounds such as enzyme inhibitors, antitumor agents, and immunomodulators?
a. Fusarium
b. Nigrospora
c. Phialophora
d. Aspergillus
d. Aspergillus
Which of the following best explains the importance of antimicrobial properties to public health?
a. They enhance antibiotic resistance in bacteria
b. They increase the mutation rate of microorganisms
c. They reduce the growth of harmful microorganisms and limit disease transmission
d. They promote bacterial colonization in humans
c. They reduce the growth of harmful microorganisms and limit disease transmission
Which plant part was targeted in this study for isolating endophytic fungi from Cocos nucifera?
a. Leaves
b. Roots
c. Cotyledon
d. Stem bark
c. Cotyledon
Against which pathogen did CN-EF1 (Aspergillus niger) show the strongest activity?
a. Staphylococcus aureus
b. Bacillus subtilis
c. Candida tropicalis
d. Escherichia coli
c. Candida tropicalis
Which of the following endophytic fungi was reported to have biological activity against Colletotrichum coffeanum, the fungal pathogen causing coffee anthracnose?
a. Escherichia coli
b. Phoma exigua
c. Aspergillus niger
d. Bacillus subtilis
b. Phoma exigua
What characteristic allows endophytic fungi to be valuable sources of new antimicrobial compounds?
a. Their production of secondary metabolites with bioactive properties
b. Their ability to cause plant diseases
c. Their competition with soil bacteria for nutrients
d. Their ability to induce photosynthesis
a. Their production of secondary metabolites with bioactive properties
Which of the following research directions would best enhance the scientific validity and practical application of the findings on endophytic fungi from Cocos nucifera?
a. Performing molecular identification and large-scale cultivation to analyze and optimize the fungi's bioactive compounds
b. Restricting future research to visual observation of fungal growth characteristics
c. Using synthetic antibiotics as a comparison for future antimicrobial tests
d. Focusing solely on testing new bacterial endophytes instead of fungal ones
a. Performing molecular identification and large-scale cultivation to analyze and optimize the fungi's bioactive compounds