Molecular Biology
What enzyme unwinds DNA during replication?
Helicase
Which cells produce antibodies?
B cells / Plasma cells
What is the basic unit of heredity?
Gene
What is the term for a tumor that has spread to other parts of the body?
Metastasis
Which technique separates DNA fragments by size?
Gel electrophoresis
What type of bond connects amino acids together in a protein?
Peptide bond
Which complement pathway is activated by antibody–antigen complexes?
Classical pathway
What type of mutation does not change the amino acid sequence?
Silent mutation
What is the term for a gene that, when mutated, promotes uncontrolled cell growth?
oncogene
Which technique is commonly used to quantify the concentration of DNA, RNA, or protein by measuring light absorbance?
Spectrophotometry (e.g., Nanodrop)
Which organelle is responsible for protein folding and modification?
Endoplasmic reticulum
What molecule do cytotoxic T cells release to induce apoptosis in target cells?
Perforin and granzyme
What process allows gene expression changes without altering the DNA sequence, often through methylation or histone modification?
Epigenetic regulation
What type of cell death is often defective in cancer cells, allowing them to survive longer than they should?
Apoptosis
What technique allows detection of specific proteins using antibodies after gel electrophoresis?
Western blotting
What structure allows mRNA to be translated simultaneously by multiple ribosomes?
Polyribosome (polysome)
Which immune cells are the main producers of IL-17?
Th17 cells
What term describes genes that are located close together on the same chromosome and tend to be inherited together?
Genetic linkage
Which gene is known as the “guardian of the genome”?
p53
What technique is used to separate and analyze cell populations based on size, granularity, and fluorescence using lasers?
Flow cytometry
What mRNA regulatory element in the 3’ UTR controls transcript stability through binding to RBPs and miRNAs?
AU-rich elements (AREs)
What transcription factor is essential for Treg cell development and maintenance?
FOXP3
What genetic phenomenon occurs when one gene influences multiple traits?
Pleiotropy
What phenomenon describes cancer cells preferring glycolysis even when oxygen is present?
Warburg effect
What advanced technique measures the mass-to-charge ratio of molecules to identify proteins, metabolites, or lipids in complex samples?
Mass spectrometry