VOCABULARY
Explain independence in one sentence.
Freedom from another state’s control.
Who led the National Defence Committee?
Kossuth Lajos.
Where did Hungarians stop Jellasics in September 1848?
Pákozd.
Which came first: Pákozd or Schwechat?
Pákozd
Why did Jellasics attack Hungary?
Opposition to the April Laws and language policies, also the Habsburg motivated them.
What does surrender mean in war?
To give up and stop fighting.
Who crossed the Drava on 11 September 1848?
Jellasics
Where did Hungarians lose to Windischgrätz in October 1848?
Schwechat.
When did Franz Joseph become emperor?
Why did Hungary retreat in winter 1848–49?
Austrian superiority + need to reorganize.
What is a constitution?
Rules that define how a state works.
Which commander won in Transylvania?
Józef Bem.
Which February 1849 battle did Bem win?
Piski.
Put these in order:
Kápolna - Világos - Isaszeg
Kápolna → Isaszeg → Világos.
What caused the Olmütz Constitution?
Austrian belief Hungary was defeated at Kápolna.
What were the April Laws?
Modern reforms passed in Hungary in 1848.
Who liberated Buda in May 1849?
Artúr Görgei.
Name one major victory from the Spring Campaign.
Hatvan / Isaszeg / Vác / Nagysalló / Komárom.
In which month was Hungarian Independence declared?
April 1849.
What was the effect of the Spring Campaign victories?
Hungary liberated most of the country.
Define repression in historical context.
Punishment and control used after a rebellion.
Which Austrian general led the executions at Arad?
Julius Haynau.
Where did Hungary suffer its decisive final defeat?
Temesvár (9 August 1849).
When did these happen? (year and month/season): Jellasics attacks – Spring Campaign – Russian intervention.
Sept 1848 → April 1849 → Summer 1849.
Why was Hungary’s defeat unavoidable?
Combined Austrian + Russian forces = overwhelming superiority.