Chapter 7
__ ___ refers to the major events relating to an organism's growth, development, reproduction, and survival.
What is LIFE HISTORY
___ cause(s) describes the mechanism of the behaviour while ____ cause(s) describes the evolutionary reason why a behaviour occurs.
What is PROXIMATE AND ULTIMATE
When excessive nutrient inputs cause negative impacts to an ecosystem e.g., excess phytoplankton growth, reduced light, and low oxygen.
What is EUTROPHICATION
Populations can change in size due to 4 main processes:
What is BIRTH, DEATH, IMMIGRATION, EMIGRATION
______ services refer to the natural processes that sustain life, such as water purification, soil formation, pollination of crops, climate regulation, and flood control, which depend on the integrity of natural communities and ecosystems.
What is ECOSYSTEM
When one genotype can produce different phenotypes under different environmental conditions.
What is PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY
___ refers to when animals maximize the amount of energy required per unit feeding effort
What is OPTIMAL FORAGING THEORY
Four major patterns of population growth are:
What is EXPONENTIAL, LOGISTIC, FLUCTUATIONS, POPULATION CYCLES
What is in geometric growth organisms reproduce in sync at distinct time periods whereas in exponential growth organisms reproduce continuously over time.
Modeling results also suggest that loss of certain species can trigger a cascade of _______extinctions.
What is SECONDARY
The advantageous gained by increased genetic variation offset the disadvantageous (e.g., parental care, transmitting only half of the genome, reduced population growth rate).
What is SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Time spent in a food patch is a function of travel ___ between patches, ____ of the patch, and the presence of ________.
WHAT IS TIME, QUALITY, PREDATORS
When the number of of individuals born in a given time period is a function of conditions (e.g., prey abundance) during a previous time period.
What is DELAYED DENSITY DEPENDENCE
When λ = 1 or r = ___, the population stays the same size.
When λ < 1 or r ___ 0, the population size will decrease.
When λ > 1 or r ___ 0, the population grows geometrically or exponentially.
What is:
When λ = 1 or r = 0, the population stays the same size.
When λ < 1 or r < 0, the population size will decrease.
When λ > 1 or r > 0, the population grows geometrically or exponentially.
The 3 main causes of biodiversity loss are
What is HABITAT LOSS, DEGREDATION, AND FRAGMENTATION
I don't provide much care to my offspring, become reproductively mature at an early age, produce a lot of offspring, have short life span.
What is R STRATEGIST
In many species, females invest more energy and resources into their offspring. This is thought to begin with _________ where the female invests more energy into her gametes relative to the male investment of energy into his gametes.
What is ANISOGAMY
Factors contributing to the extinction of a species
What is POPULATION FLUCTUATIONS AND POPULATION SIZE. SMALL POPS: REDUCED GENETIC VARIATION (DUE TO INBREEDING, GENETIC DRIFT), ALLEE EFFECTS, DEMOGRAPHIC STOCHASTICITY, ENVIRONMENTAL STOCHASTICITY, NATURAL CATASTROPHES)
OTHERS: HABITAT LOSS, FRAGMENTATION, DEGRADATION
Weather conditions, catastrophes, climate change are all examples of density ____ factors
What is INDEPENDENT
What is INVASIVE SPECIES, POLLUTION, AND OVEREXPLOITATION
What is:
(1) ensures genes are passed on
(2) smaller size
There are at least 4 major benefits of living in groups. What are they?
What is MUTUAL CARING FOR YOUNG, REDUCED RISK OF PREDATION (VIGILANCE, CONFUSION, DILUTION), IMPROVED FORAGING AND REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS
In a population of three asexual lizards, each lizard has a 40% probability of not producing any offspring. What is the probability that all three lizards will produce no offspring, thus ensuring the population's extinction?
6%
The magnitude of birth rates, death rates, and dispersal rates are a function of population size and thus are are density ____ factors. These factors ____ the size of the population.
What is DEPENDENT and REGULATE
Two types of surrogate species