Chapter 12 Review

12.1: Why is Good Nutrition Important?

100

Malnutrition is ----------------------- 

and 

Undernutrition is -------------------------

•  Undernutrition
  Not enough food to meet basic energy needs

• Malnutrition
  Not enough protein or other key nutrients

200

What is meant by a Food Desert? 

An urban area where people have little or no easy access to nutritious food

300

List 2 examples of macronutrients 

• Carbohydrates

• Proteins

• Fats

400

List 2 examples of micronutrients 

• Vitamins

  • Examples: A, B, C, and E

• Minerals

  • Examples: iron, iodine, and calcium

500

List two health problems associated with overnutrition

• Lower life expectancy 

• Greater susceptibility to disease and illness

• Lower productivity and life quality

12.2: How Is Food Produced

100

What are the technological advances that led to an increase in food production?

1. irrigation

2. synthetic fertilizers

3. synthetic pesticides

200

What are the three systems that produce most of our food?

• Croplands produce grains like rice

• Rangelands, pastures, and feedlots produce meat and meat products

• Fisheries and aquaculture provide fish products

300

List 2 benefits of organic agriculture

1. reduces synthetic fertilizers use 

2. reduces the use of fossil fuels 

3. uses no antibiotics or growth hormones 

4. No genetically modified seeds

400

What is the Green Revolution?

• Green Revolution–increase crop yields

  • Monocultures of high-yield key crops

  • Large amounts of fertilizers, pesticides, and water

  • Multiple cropping

500

What are the technologies used in the First Gene Revolution and the Second Gene Revolution? 

• First gene revolution

  • Cross-breeding through artificial selection

• Second gene revolution

  • Alter the organism’s DNA

  • Genetically modified organisms (GMOs)–transgenic organisms

12.3 What Are the Environmental Effects of Industrialized Food Production?

100

What is soil salinization? 

Gradual accumulation of salts in the soil from irrigation water

200

List 3 factors that may limit future food production

• Soil erosion and degradation

• Desertification

• Irrigation water shortages

• Air and water pollution

• Climate change

• Loss of biodiversity

300

Producing food has a major impact on the environment.

 List 2 bad impacts 

1. conversion of grasslands to croplands

2. soil erosion

3. Water pollution from pesticides

4. air pollution from greenhouse emissions 

5. Impact on human health 

400

List 2 harmful effects of soil erosion

• Loss of soil fertility

• Water pollution

• Release of carbon stored in the soil as CO2

500

Industrialized meat production harms the environment. 

List 2 cons 

• Animals are crowded 

• Uses large amounts of water to irrigate grain crops fed to animals

• Livestock wastes pollute waterways

• Uses large amounts of energy

12.4 How Can We Protect Crops from Pests More Sustainably?

100

What is meant by pests? 

A pest is any species that interferes with human welfare by competing with us for food. 

200

What is the difference between first-generation pesticides and second-generation pesticides? 

• First-generation pesticides

  • Borrowed from plants

• Second-generation pesticides: DDT

  • Lab produced

300

What is the difference between Broad-spectrum pesticides and Narrow-spectrum pesticides? 

• Broad-spectrum agents - Can be toxic to beneficial species
  
  

• Narrow-spectrum agents - effective against a defined group of pests
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  

400

List one advantage and one disadvantage of synthetic pesticides.

Advantages:

- expand food supply, increase profits, work fast, safe if used properly

Disadvantages: 

Promote genetic resistance, pollute the air and water, expensive 

500

There Are Alternatives to Synthetic Pesticides. List at least 2 with a brief explanation.

• Biological controls

  • Natural predators and parasites

  • Pheromones and hormones

• Ecological controls

  • Use plant diversity to provide habitats for predators of pest species

• Cultivation controls

  • Vary crops and adjust planting times

12.5 & 12.6: How Can We Produce Food More Sustainably?

100

List three strategies that can be used to conserve topsoil. 

• Soil conservation

  • Terracing

  • Contour planting

  • Strip cropping with cover crop

  • Alley cropping, agroforestry

  • Windbreaks or shelterbelts

  • Conservation-tillage farming 

200

How can we reduce desertification

• reduce population growth

• reduce overgrazing

• reduce deforestation

• Reduce destructive forms of planting, irrigation, and mining
  
  

300

What can governments do to improve food security? 

• Government policies can control food prices and provide subsidies

• Government and private programs can target poverty to improve food security

400

What are the challenges of growing food locally? 

• Demand Side

  • Growing population, People moving up the food Chain, Turning food into biofuel

• Supply Sides

  • Soil erosion, Depletion of aquifers, Stagnant grain yields, rising temperature

500

List some practices of more sustainable aquiculture

• Protect mangrove forests and estuaries

• Improve the management of waste

• Reduce the escape of aquaculture species into the wild

• Set up self-sustaining polyculture systems that combine aquatic plants, fish, and shellfish