Light
What is surface temperature?
This physical property of a star determines both its colour and the peak wavelength of radiation it emits.
What is the main sequence?
This is the stage during which a star fuses hydrogen into helium in its core and remains in hydrostatic equilibrium.
What is gravity?
This fundamental force governs the motion of planets, moons, and satellites throughout the universe.
What is a barred spiral galaxy?
A is classified as this type due to its central bar structure and spiral arms.
What is Newton’s Third Law?
Every action has a reaction force in equal magnitude but opposite direction
What is G-type (G2V)?
The Sun belongs to this spectral class, indicating a surface temperature of about 5800 K and strong hydrogen absorption lines.
What is the proton–proton chain?
This nuclear fusion process dominates energy production in low-mass stars like the Sun.
What is gravity
This fundamental force governs the motion of planets, moons, and satellites throughout the universe.
What are elliptical galaxies?
These galaxies contain mostly old stars and very little gas or dust for new star formation.
What is thrust?
This quantity measures the force produced by expelling exhaust gases from a rocket engine.
What is the Stefan–Boltzmann Law?
This law states that the total energy radiated per unit surface area of a star is proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature.
What are Cepheid variables?
These pulsating variable stars have a well-defined relationship between their pulsation period and intrinsic luminosity.
What is Kepler’s Second Law?
This law explains why a planet moves faster when it is closer to the Sun in its orbit.
What is dark matter
This unseen component is inferred from galaxy rotation curves and gravitational effects.
What is the Tsiolkovsky rocket equation?
This equation relates the change in velocity of a rocket to exhaust speed and mass ratio.
What is the Doppler effect?
This effect allows astronomers to determine whether a star or galaxy is moving toward or away from Earth by analysing spectral lines.
What are Mira variables?
These red giant variable stars have very long periods and large changes in brightness, indicating a late stage of stellar evolution.
What is angular momentum
This conserved quantity explains changes in orbital speed without requiring an external torque.
What is Hubble’s Law
This law demonstrates that the universe is expanding by relating galaxy distance to recessional velocity.
What is a geostationary orbit
This orbit allows a satellite to remain above the same point on Earth’s equator.
What is the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram
This diagram is used to classify stars and predict their evolutionary stages based on luminosity and temperature.
What is a white dwarf
This stellar remnant forms when a low-mass star sheds its outer layers and collapses until supported by electron degeneracy pressure.
What is escape velocity?
This minimum speed allows an object to break free from a planet’s gravitational influence without further propulsion.
What is the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)?
This nearly uniform radiation field is considered strong evidence for the hot early universe.
What is a gravity assist?
This technique uses the gravitational field of a planet to change a spacecraft’s speed and direction.