Unit 1
class structure of France prior to the revolution; consisted of three classes of differing sizes
What is the Estates System?
materials or substances such as minerals, forests, water, coal, iron ore and fertile land that occur in nature and can be used for economic gain, essential for industrialization
What are natural resources?
economic, political, or cultural domination of one country or region by another
What is imperialism?
Can be a unifying or dividing force; played a role in German Unification and well as the pre-WW I tensions of the ‘Balkan Powder Keg’ of eastern Europe
What is nationalism?
New political ideas such Consent of the governed & Separation of Powers come from this movement
What is the Enlightenment (aka Age of Reason)?
French general who seized power in France in a 1799 coup d’etat; crowned himself emperor and increased created a French empire across Europe
Who is Napoleon Bonaparte?
movement of people from rural areas to cities; during the industrial revolution this was massive
What is urbanization?
meeting held in Germany in 1884 to establish rules for colonizing Africa; purpose was to avoid war between European powers; boundaries drawn paid little attention to the needs or tribal areas of the Africans
What is the Berlin Conference?
Russian dynasty that came to an end in 1917 with the abdication and then assassination of Czar Nicholas II
What is the Romanov dynasty?
Prior to World War I, what ‘agreements’ did European countries form in an effort to keep a balance of power?
What are alliances?
period during the radical second stage of the French Revolution where thousands were accused of being ‘enemies of the French Republic’ and executed by the guillotine
What is the Reign of Terror?
name of revolution that led to a population explosion that created enough ‘cheap labor’ to work in factories
What is the Agricultural Revolution?
government of Japan from 1603 to the mid-19th Century (1860s); isolated Japan from foreigners and installed the “dual residence” policy for daimyo to make it harder for them to rebel
What is the Tokugawa Shogunate?
Prussian chancellor who helped unify Germany by force; blood and iron!
Who is Otto von Bismarck?
Economic concept that determines how much of a product will be produced and how much it will cost
What is supply and demand?
Concept expressed in the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen – people agree to give up some personal freedoms to a government in exchange for rights protection and the rule of law
What is the Social Contract?
theory that favors radical, violent, action by the working class; class struggle/conflict leads to revolution and, eventually, a ‘classless’ society
What is Marxism (or communism)?
a motive and justification for imperialism, it generally means “survival of the fittest” for civilizations, countries, races, and ethnic groups
What is Social Darwinism?
The failure of the German Schlieffen Plan to quickly knock out France at the start of WW I led to them being at a disadvantage because they had to fight a...
What is a two-front war?
Major political change in 19th Century Japan that resulted in new policies of modernization, industrialization, and westernization
What is the Meiji Restoration?
Type of absolute monarch who favored ideas such as natural rights
What is an Enlightened Despot?
economic system that favors minimal government involvement in the affairs of business, free trade, private ownership of property and industries; bases basic economic decisions on the forces of the free market: supply & demand; also known as a free-market system
What is Laissez-faire capitalism?
type of imperial control; areas in China where Western powers dominated and had exclusive rights to trade
What are Spheres of Influence?
Known as the ‘Sick Man of Europe,’ this large empire was in decline in the 1800s due to ethnic groups breaking away from it
What is the Ottoman Empire?
Hundreds of thousands of these people were massacred by the Turks from 1915-1916
Who are Armenians?