Biochemistry
The process by which macromolecules are joined together is called _______________ and the process where they are broken down is called ___________________.
What are dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis?
This molecule, composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups, provides energy for cellular processes through the hydrolysis of its phosphate bonds.
What is ATP?
The stage of photosynthesis in which light energy is captured and stored as NADPH and ATP.
What are the light dependent reactions?
Type of communication in which signals act on cells near the secreting cell
What is paracrine?
These channels open in response to the binding of a specific molecule (ligand), allowing ions to pass through and generate cellular responses.
What are ligand gated channels?
This property of water is a relative high value compared to other substances and allows for water to be an excellent temperature regulator.
What is specific heat?
This type of protein completely spans the hydrophobic interior of the plasma membrane.
What is an integral protein?
This is an anaerobic process that produces a little ATP, includes glycolysis, and restores NAD+
What is fermentation?
The transmission of molecular signals from the cell surface to the cell interior, often involving a series of protein activations.
What is signal transduction?
This is the region of an enzyme where a molecule (not the substrate) binds, causing a change in the enzyme’s shape and affecting its activity.
What is the allosteric site?
These spiral-shaped structures are a common form of secondary protein structure, stabilized by hydrogen bonds between the backbone atoms.
What are alpha helices
This type of solution contains a higher concentration of solutes than inside the cell.
What is a hypertonic solution?
It carries high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain in cellular respiration
What is NADH
A common second messenger which is a derivative of ATP and used for intracellular signal transduction in many different organisms
What is cAMP?
This programmed cell death process is essential for regulating cell growth and removing damaged or unnecessary cells.
What is apoptosis
his chemical reaction in a cell releases energy and is denoted with a negative delta "G"
What is an exergonic reaction?
Two differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
What is size, membrane bound organelles, and the presence of a nucleus?
1. Protons are pumped across a membrane, creating a proton gradient.
2. The proton gradient generates potential energy.
3. Protons flow back across the membrane through ATP synthase, driving the production of ATP.
What is chemiosmosis?
A protein kinase that is only active when attached to a particular cyclin that helps regulate the cell cycle
What is a CDK?
The cell organelle responsible for packaging and modifying proteins.
What is the Golgi Apparatus?
This type of inhibition occurs when a substrate binds to a site other than the active site to prevent enzyme catalysis.
What is allosteric inhibition?
This measurement has a maximum value of 0; it decreases as the concentration of a solute increases. (Be specific!)
What is solute potential?
This series of reactions in the stroma of chloroplasts converts carbon dioxide and energy from ATP and NADPH into glucose, using a cycle of enzyme-mediated steps.
What is the Calvin cycle?
A process catalyzed by enzymes that adds a phosphate group to molecules and can act as an on/off switch in transduction pathways.
What is phosphorylation?
The metabolic process where large, complex molecules are broken down into smaller units with the release of energy, primarily stored as ATP, powering cellular activities. (Not hydrolysis)
What is catabolism?