Revolution & Independence
What 1773 protest involved colonists dumping British tea into Boston Harbor?
The Boston Tea Party
What was the first national government framework, ratified in 1781, that proved too weak?
The Articles of Confederation.
What 1803 purchase doubled the size of the United States?
The Louisiana Purchase.
What 1861 attack on a U.S. fort in South Carolina began the Civil War?
Fort Sumter.
What federal agency (1865) provided aid and education to formerly enslaved people and poor Southerners?
The Freedmen’s Bureau.
What 1776 document announced the colonies’ separation from Great Britain?
The Declaration of Independence.
What 1786–1787 uprising highlighted weaknesses of the Articles and pushed calls for reform?
Shays’ Rebellion
What 1823 policy warned European powers against further colonization in the Americas?
The Monroe Doctrine.
What 1863 executive order declared enslaved people free in Confederate-held territory?
The Emancipation Proclamation.
What post–Civil War laws in the South restricted the rights of African Americans and tried to control their labor?
Black Codes.
What 1777 American victory convinced France to openly support the United States?
The Battle of Saratoga.
What compromise created a bicameral legislature with representation by population in one house and equal in the other?
The Great (Connecticut) Compromise.
What 1820 agreement admitted Missouri as slave and Maine as free, maintaining Senate balance and setting the 36°30′ line?
The Missouri Compromise.
What 1863 battle was the bloodiest single day in American history and ended Lee’s first invasion of the North?
The Battle of Antietam.
What 1896 Supreme Court case upheld “separate but equal” segregation?
Plessy v. Ferguson.
What winter encampment (1777–1778) tested the Continental Army and strengthened it through training?
Valley Forge.
What plan counted enslaved people as three-fifths of a person for representation and taxation?
The Three-Fifths Compromise.
What 1832–1833 crisis involved South Carolina’s attempt to nullify a federal tariff?
The Nullification Crisis.
What 1863 battle is often considered the turning point of the war in the East?
The Battle of Gettysburg.
What 1890 law aimed to limit monopolies and promote competition?
The Sherman Antitrust Act
What 1783 treaty officially ended the American Revolution and recognized U.S. independence?
The Treaty of Paris (1783).
What set of essays by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay argued for ratifying the Constitution?
The Federalist Papers.
What 1850 act required citizens to assist in capturing escaped enslaved people and punished those who helped them?
The Fugitive Slave Act (1850).
What 1864 campaign/strategy involved destroying Southern infrastructure to break Confederate will?
Sherman’s March to the Sea (total war strategy).
What term describes late-1800s business leaders like Carnegie and Rockefeller who dominated markets through consolidation and trusts?
Captains of industry (or “robber barons,” depending on perspective).