Social Scientists
This social scientist studied how societies maintain stability through shared norms and institutions.
Who is Émile Durkheim?
A research method where all participants are asked the same fixed set of questions.
What is a structured interview?
The lifelong process through which individuals learn norms, values, and behaviors of their society.
What is socialization?
The pressure to change behavior in order to fit in with a group.
What is conformity?
This experiment showed that people often conform to a group even when the group is clearly wrong.
Asch Conformity Experiment?
This theorist argued that social inequality and conflict drive social change.
Who is Karl Marx?
A type of survey completed by participants on their own, without a researcher present.
What is a self-administered survey?
Family is an example of this type of socialization that occurs early in life.
What is primary socialization?
Unwritten rules that guide acceptable behavior in society.
What are norms?
This study examined obedience by instructing participants to deliver (fake) electric shocks to others.
What is the Milgram Obedience Experiment?
This Canadian sociologist emphasized studying society from the standpoint of women’s everyday experiences.
Who is Dorothy Smith?
In anthropology, this research method involves living with and observing a group over time to get an insider's perspective of a culture.
What is participant-observation?
Peer groups and cliques mainly influence individuals through this type of socialization.
What is secondary socialization?
Punishments or rewards used to enforce norms.
What are sanctions?
A study that demonstrated how assigned social roles can strongly influence behavior in a prison-like setting.
What is the Zimbardo Prison Experiment?
This psychologist proposed a hierarchy of needs, with self-actualization at the top.
Who is Abraham Maslow?
A survey question that pushes respondents toward a specific answer is known as this.
What is a leading question?
A cult is often used as an example of this type of institution, where all aspects of life are tightly controlled.
What is a total institution?
The tendency to favor one’s own group while viewing outsiders negatively.
What is in-group bias?
This experiment showed how competition between groups can lead to prejudice and hostility.
What is the Robbers Cave Experiment?
This anthropological approach argues that cultural practices should be understood within their own cultural context, not judged by outside standards.
What is cultural relativism?
This ethical principle requires researchers to fully explain the purpose and risks of a study before participation.
What is informed consent?
A parenting style linked to poor self-control and difficulty trusting others due to lack of guidance and emotional support.
What is neglectful parenting?
When harmful attitudes become seen as acceptable due to repeated exposure, especially in media or politics.
What is the normalization of hate?
One major ethical issue shared by both the Milgram and Zimbardo experiments.
What is psychological harm to participants?