Richards 2003 Current trends
The distinction between 'bottom-up' and 'top-down' processing in listening comprehension was borrowed from which field?
Cognitive psychology
According to the source, how are 'direct' or 'controlled' teaching approaches characterized in oral communication instruction?
They focus on 'skill-getting' through the isolation and practice of specific communicative elements
A 'top-down' model of listening comprehension primarily involves the listener doing what?
Constructing meaning using schema
What does the concept of 'scaffolding' imply regarding the teacher's role in a communicative classroom?
The teacher's role should shift dynamically between intervention and guidance based on the learner's needs
According to the principles of current approaches to teaching speaking, how are errors often viewed?
With a greater tolerance, as both accuracy and fluency are primary goals
Why does the author argue that many ELT materials 'deauthenticate' speech?
They utilize models of grammar that are primarily rooted in descriptions of written English.
What is the key difference between 'interactional talk' and 'transactional talk'?
Interactional talk is person-oriented, while transactional talk is message-oriented
The concept of 'intertextuality' is used in the text to propose a framework for what pedagogical goal?
The integration of spoken and written skills within a logical language-sequence event
What type of activity requires learners to communicate with each other to obtain missing information and complete a task?
Information gap
Conversation Analysis (CA) would be most useful for a teacher trying to help students understand which of the followin
How to recognize signals that another person wishes to speak.