Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
General Knowledge
100
What is the primary use of carbohydrates in the body?
Fuel!
100
What are triglycerides?
3 fatty acids bound together by dehydration synthesis
100
What is the difference between fibrous and globular proteins?
Fibrous: rope like strands; non-polar amino acids; links things and adds structural support
Globular: spherical/globular shape; polar amino acids; function as enzymes, some hormones, other cell messengers
100
What is a nucleotide and what is its basic structure?
Nucleotides: monomers of nucleic acids
Structure: Nitrogenous base w/ hydrocarbon ring, 5-carbon pentose sugar: Ribose or deoxyribose, and phosphate group
100
What is a monomer and what is a polymer?
give an example of each
Monomer: small, single molecules that act as the building blocks
Carbs: Saccharides
Proteins: Amino acids
Lipids: Fatty acids (glycerides)
Nucleic acids: Nucleotides
Polymer: large, complex molecules formed by chemically linking multiple monomers in a repeating pattern
Carbs: polysaccharides
Proteins: Polypeptides
Lipids: technically don't form real polymers, but can form polymer like structures like phospholipids or triglycerides
Nucleic acids: just Nucleic acids (Like in DNA or RNA)
200
What are the monomers from which all carbs are made called?
Monosaccharides
200
What is the one property that makes phospholipids so unique?
They have a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail (amphiphilic). This allows for the formation of phospholipid bilayers
200
Give an example of globular and an example of Fibrous proteins
Globular:
Hemoglobin, Myoglobin, Immunoglobulins, ABY globulins, Antibodies, insulin, Pepsin, albumin, hCG
Fibrous:
Collagen, Elastin, Reticular Fibers, Alphin Keratin, Fibrin
200
What are the two types of nitrogenous bases? Be specific and give examples of each
Purine: Double ringed molecules; Adenine (A) and Guanine (G)
Pyrimidines: Single ringed molecules; Cytosine (C), Uracil (U), and Thymine (T)
200
Dehydration reactions does what? While hydrolysis does what?
Dehydration reactions (or dehydration synthesis) chemically bonds monomers by drawing out H2O molecule(s)
Hydrolysis reactions break down polymers/molecules into its simpler components by adding H2O
300
What is the ratio of Carbon to Hydrogen to Oxygen in a Carbohydrates
1:2:1
300
What are the 5 types of lipids?
-Fatty Acids
-Triglycerides
-Phospholipids
-Eicosanoids
-Steroids
300
What are the 2 structures that a protein can form when in the secondary position
Alpha Helix
300
What is the nucleotide which we use for energy in metabolic reactions?
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
300
Triglycerides are to _______ as glycogen is to _______
Lipids
Carbohydrates
400
Sucrose is a common disaccharide made up of which 2 monosaccharides?
Glucose and Fructose
Can you think of any other common disaccharides?
400
Cholesterol is an example of what?
A steroid. Most steroid hormones are derived from Cholesterol!
400
What are contractile proteins? What is unique about these proteins structure wise?
Actin and Myosin
Myosin is unique because the head is globular while the tail is fibrous
Actin is unique because it is a globular protein but oriented into filamentous strands
[Technically, G actin=globular and F actin=fibrous] The F actin is made up of G actins via polymerization
400
What is the backbone of DNA and RNA
Pentose sugars
RNA= Ribose
DNA=Deoxyribose
400
What is the order in which the body utilizes organic molecules for energy?
1st: Glucose
2nd: Glycogen
3rd: Fats
4th: Proteins (Last resort!)
500
What is the difference between an oligosaccharide and a polysaccharide?
Oligosaccharides- up to 20 or 50 monosaccharides
Polysaccharides-over 20 or 50 monosaccharides
500
What are eicosanoids?
oxidized fatty acids that contains 20 C atoms & made from polyunsaturated fatty acids.
THEY FUNCTION AS SIGNALING MOLECULES
500
What are the four structures of proteins?
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
500
Thymine is to _______ as Uracil is to _______
DNA
RNA
500
What is the Difference between LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol?
LDL Cholesterol= low density lipoprotein cholesterol, this is known as bad cholesterol as it can settle on the walls of the arteries, causing them to thicken (also known as atherosclerosis).
HDL Cholesterol: High density lipoprotein cholesterol, this is known as good cholesterol as it transports excess cholesterol from tissues to liver for removal, reducing cardiovascular risk, "knocks LDL off artery walls"
600
What are glycolipids? Give one function
A polysaccharide covalently bonded to a lipid
600
What is the differences between saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids?
Saturated fats: usually solid at room temperature, comes from animal fats, Unhealthy for the heart if overconsumed
Monounsaturated fats: liquid at room temperature, healthy oils like olive oil, avocado oil, etc. These are better for heart health
Polyunsaturated fatty acids: Also liquid at room temp, more than 1 double carbon bond, these are very healthy for the heart (Omega-3 fatty acids), flaxseed oil, fish oil, etc.
600
Explain the 2 forces that help to hold amino acids together when proteins are in Tertiary structure.
Disulfide bridges: 2 cysteines align (with R group -CH2-SH), each give up an H atom, and the S atoms are left bound together
Van Der Waals: multiple weak attractions between opposite ends of the folded polypeptide chain cause them to stay in its folded position
600
Give at least 2 differences between DNA and RNA
DNA: Forms genes, located in nucleus, double helix H bonds, complimentary base pairs
RNA: Transcription and translation of proteins from DNA, single stranded, in cytoplasm and ribosomes
600
Critical thinking: The sugar Deoxyribose (C5H10O4) does NOT fit the 1:2:1 ratio consistent with other carbohydrates. Does this mean it is not considered a sugar?
It is still considered a pentose sugar because it has 5 carbon atoms and it maintains a lot of the same functions of other pentose sugars.