Industrialization
What natural resource was most important to fueling factories and railroads in the late 1800s?
Coal
What term describes the extreme wealth gap between rich and poor in the Gilded Age?
Economic inequality
What is a monopoly?
When one company controls an entire industry
What was the main goal of the Progressive Movement?
Reform social, political, and economic problems
What amendment allowed women the right to vote?
19th Amendment
What invention revolutionized communication and business coordination across the U.S.?
The telegraph
What environmental impact resulted from rapid industrial growth?
Pollution of air and water, urban overcrowding, poor sanitation
What term describes industrial leaders like Carnegie and Rockefeller?
Robber barons / captains of industry
What problem did muckrakers expose?
Corruption, unsafe conditions, and corporate abuse
Which amendment created the federal income tax?
16th Amendment
How did immigration contribute to industrialization?
It provided cheap labor for factories and industry
What environmental impact resulted from rapid industrial growth?
Pollution of air and water, urban overcrowding, poor sanitation
What business structure did John D. Rockefeller use to control oil production?
Trusts
What reform targeted unsafe food and medicine?
Pure Food and Drug Act
Which amendment allowed direct election of senators?
17th Amendment
How did railroads contribute to rapid industrial growth?
They connected markets, moved raw materials and goods cheaply, and expanded national trade
How did industrialization affect working conditions?
Long hours, low wages, unsafe factories, child labor
What was vertical integration?
Controlling every stage of production and distribution
What political reform increased voter participation?
Direct primaries, initiative, referendum, recall
What amendment banned alcohol?
18th Amendment
How did government policy encourage industrialization?
Laissez-faire policies and limited regulation allowed businesses to grow freely
Why did labor unions form during the Gilded Age?
To fight for better wages, safer conditions, and workers’ rights
How did big businesses influence politics?
Bribery, lobbying, political machines, and control of legislation
How did Progressives try to regulate big business?
Antitrust laws and government oversight
Why was the Progressive Movement only partly successful?
It didn’t end racism, fully fix poverty, or eliminate corporate power