Chapter 1
what is the criminal justice system
a school of criminology that holds wrongdoers act as if they weight the possible benefits of criminal or delinquent activity against the expected costs of being apprehended
rational choice theory
the degree of proof required in a civil case. In general, this requirement is met when a plaintiff proves that a fact more likely than not is true
What is preponderance of the evidence
the federal agency responsible for protecting US borders and facilitating legal trade and travel across those borders
What is US customs and border patrol
patrol strategy designed to focus on a specific type of criminal activity in a specific geographical area, or hot spot
What is directed patrol
the morals that govern a persons perception of right and wrong
what are ethics
a set of theories that view criminal behavior as the result of class conflict
social conflict theories
an act that is wrong in and of itself
What is mala in se
federal agency that enforces the nations iiigration and customs laws
What is US Immigration and Customs Enforcement
arrests that occur because of concentrated efforts by law enforcement agencies to respond to a particular type of offender or criminal behavior
what are proactive arrests
behavior that has been labeled criminal because it is contrary to shared social values, customs and norms
public order crime
the assumption that crime is the result of frustration felt by individuals who cannot reach their financial and personal goals through legitimate means
strain theory
an act that is illegal by criminal statute and no necessarily wrong in an of itself
What is mala prohibita
federal law enforcement agency primarily responsible for protecting the president, presidents family , vice president and other important figures
what is the secret service
the thoert that by cracking down on quality of life crimes, law enforcement convinces both criminals and law-abiding citizens that lawlessness will no longer be tolerated in a particular area
what is broken windows theory
a criminal justice model in which the majority of citizens in a society share the same values and beliefs
consensus model
the theory that being a criminal is learned from parents, friends etc.
learning theory
an unlawful homicide that occurs during the attempted commission of a felony
What is a felony murder
federal agency responsible for enforcing the nations laws and regulations regarding narcotics and other controlled substances
What is the drug enforcement agency
While inside a home executing a search warrant Officers may seize contraband that is out in the open this is an example of what legal doctrine
What is the plain view doctrine
a criminal justice model that places primacy on the right of the individual to be protected from the power of the government
What is due process model
the study of how individual behavior is influenced by the behavior of groups in social situations
social psychology
The state of being aware that a risk does or will exist and nevertheless acting in a way that consciously disregards that risk
What is negligence
this provision of policing services by private companies or individuals that has increased over recent years
What is private security
a criminal investigation that has not been solved after a certain amount of time
what is a cold case