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What is communicative competence?
The ability to use language appropriately in real-life contexts.
How is spoken discourse useful in language teaching?
It helps in teaching listening and speaking skills effectively.
What is a conversation?
An informal, spontaneous interaction between two or more people.
What is an interview in spoken discourse?
A structured interaction where one person asks questions and the other answers.
How is an interview different from a conversation?
An interview is formal and structured, while conversation is informal.
What aspects does spoken discourse analysis focus on besides grammar?
Turn-taking, intonation, pauses, repairs, and conversational strategies.
Why is context important in spoken discourse?
Because meaning often depends on the situation and shared knowledge.
How is spoken discourse different from written discourse?
Spoken discourse is spontaneous and interactive, while written discourse is planned and permanent.
What is turn-taking?
Turn-taking is how speakers manage who speaks and when in conversation.
What is spoken discourse?
Spoken discourse refers to language used in oral communication in real-time interaction.
What is the main characteristic of spoken discourse?
It is spontaneous, interactive, and context-dependent.
What are conjunctions in cohesion?
Words such as however and therefore that connect ideas logically.
What is coherence?
Coherence is the logical and semantic unity of a text as understood by the reader.
What is reference as a cohesive device?
Using words like this, that, these to link parts of a text.
What is the difference between cohesion and coherence?
Cohesion is about linguistic links; coherence is about meaning and logic.
What is Discourse Analysis (DA)?
Discourse Analysis is an interdisciplinary field that studies language in use in social, cultural, and institutional contexts.
What types of texts does Discourse Analysis examine?
Spoken, written, and multimodal texts.
How is Discourse Analysis different from traditional linguistics?
Traditional linguistics focuses on isolated sentences, while discourse analysis studies language beyond the sentence level.
What does “language beyond the sentence level” mean?
It means studying how sentences work together to create meaning in context.
What is meant by “discourse” in DA?
Discourse is language used in context, including spoken, written, digital, and visual forms.
What is the main difference between spoken and written discourse?
Spoken discourse is oral and interactive, while written discourse is planned and permanent.
Why are pauses and repairs important elements in spoken discourse analysis?
Pauses and repairs reflect the spontaneous nature of spoken discourse. Pauses may signal thinking, hesitation, or turn-holding, while repairs show how speakers correct themselves or others to maintain clarity and mutual understanding. These features reveal real-time cognitive and interactional processes that are absent in written discourse.
What kind of structures are common in written discourse?
Complex syntactic structures.
Who defined cohesion in discourse studies?
Halliday and Hasan (1976).
How do cohesion and coherence differ in spoken and written discourse?
Written discourse shows stronger cohesion through linguistic devices, while spoken discourse relies more on coherence through interaction.