Unit 1
This acronym (MRS GREN or similar) lists the seven main characteristics shared by all living organisms.
What are movement, respiration, sensitivity, growth, reproduction, excretion, and nutrition?
This rigid layer outside the cell membrane is found in plant cells but not animal cells, made of cellulose.
what is cell wall?
This passive process moves molecules from high to low concentration, powered by their kinetic energy.
What is diffusion?
These single sugar units, like glucose or fructose, form the monomers of carbohydrates.
what is monosaccharides?
These biological catalysts lower activation energy to speed up metabolic reactions without being used up.
What are enzymes?
In the binomial system of naming species, the first word represents this taxonomic rank, always capitalized.
What is the genus?
This site of aerobic respiration in both plant and animal cells produces ATP.
What are mitochondria?
The net movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from high water potential to low.
what is osmosis?
This polysaccharide stores energy in animal liver and muscles.
what is glycogen?
The site where substrate binds to enzyme, specific due to complementary shape.
What is the active site?
This kingdom includes organisms that are multicellular, heterotrophic, with chitinous cell walls, like mushrooms.
What is fungi?
Unlike eukaryotic cells, bacterial (prokaryotic) cells have this genetic material as a single loop, not in a nucleus.
What is circular DNA?
Unlike diffusion, this transport uses respiration energy to move substances against their concentration gradient.
What is active transport?
Biuret reagent turns this color violet to confirm proteins.
what is purple?
High temperatures disrupt enzyme structure, making this process permanent and losing function.
What is denaturation?
This branching identification tool uses pairs of contrasting statements to narrow down an organism's identity.
What is a dichotomous key?
This plant cell is elongated with a thin wall for efficient absorption of water and minerals from soil.
What is a root hair cell?
Name two factors (besides concentration gradient) that increase the rate of diffusion in cells.
What are surface area to volume ratio and temperature?
DNA's double helix has sugar-phosphate backbone with these nitrogenous bases pairing A-T and C-G.
what is complementary base pairing?
Most enzymes work best at this pH (e.g., pepsin at pH 2, amylase near pH 7), dropping sharply outside range.
What is optimum pH?
These acellular entities lack cellular structure, cannot reproduce independently, and are not placed in the five kingdoms.
what is virus?
Plant cells have these two structures absent in animal cells: one for support (rigid layer) and one for photosynthesis (pigment-containing organelle).
What are the cell wall and chloroplasts?
In root hair cells, this process absorbs mineral ions from dilute soil solution into more concentrated cytoplasm.
What is active transport?
A food sample gives a red-brown ring with Benedict's after heating but no cream precipitate with emulsion test—what molecule is present?
what is reducing sugars?
Explain why increasing substrate concentration initially raises reaction rate but plateaus despite excess enzyme.
All active sites become saturated