LIPIDS & MEMBRANES
This makes a phospholipid amphipathic.
What is a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails?
This region contains prokaryotic DNA.
The nucleoid region.
These are the largest cytoskeletal fibers.
Microtubules.
Energy of motion.
Kinetic energy.
These cause kinks in fatty acid tails.
What are double bonds (unsaturated fatty acids)?
These ribosomes are found in prokaryotes.
70S ribosomes.
These are made of actin.
Microfilaments.
Stored energy.
Potential energy.
This molecule stabilizes membranes at high temperatures.
Cholesterol.
Why can transcription and translation occur at the same time in prokaryotes?
There is no nucleus separating them.
These form the mitotic spindle.
Microtubules.
State the First Law of Thermodynamics.
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
Increasing this decreases membrane permeability.
Increasing saturation OR increasing tail length.
Draw and label 5 key parts of a prokaryotic cell.
Plasma membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm, ribosomes, nucleoid, circular DNA, plasmid, pili, flagellum (any 5 correct).
List the cytoskeletal components from smallest to largest.
Microfilaments → Intermediate filaments → Microtubules.
State the Second Law of Thermodynamics.
Energy transfers increase entropy.
Explain how cholesterol behaves at high vs low temperatures.
At high temps, cholesterol reduces movement (stabilizes membrane).
At low temps, it prevents tight packing (maintains fluidity).
What happens if a bacterium loses its cell wall?
It may burst due to osmotic pressure.
How do vesicles move inside a cell?
They travel along microtubules using motor proteins (kinesin and dynein).
Why do cells release heat during metabolism?
Energy transformations are not 100% efficient (Second Law).