Neuronal Anatomy
Another name for cell membrane channel
What is transmembrane protein?
For each ATP molecule used to maintain resting membrane potential, name the type and number of ions used.
What are 3 sodium ions are pumped out while 2 potassium ions are pumped in?
Name the channels that help maintain RMP
What are the sodium and potassium leak channels and the Na/K ATPase pump?
Term for when the membrane potential moves toward zero
What is depolarization?
Difference between a temporal summation and a spatial summation
What is one presynaptic neuron sends input to a postsynaptic neuron during temporal summation while several presynaptic neurons send input during spatial summation?
These thread-like structures help support, maintain cell shape, and facilitate intracellular transport
What are neurofibrils?
Name the 2 graded potentials we have studied
What are Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials (EPSP) and Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials (IPSP)?
While the potassium efflux drops the membrane potential to -90mV, this occurs to bring the membrane potential up to -70mV
What is the influx of sodium ions?
Name Depolarization's positive feedback loop and when it occurs
Voltage-gated sodium ion channels are inactivated when membrane potential reaches +30mV.
The 4 signal cessation mechanisms
What is diffusion, re-uptake, enzymatic degradation, and glial (astrocyte) absorption?
Name 4 organelles found in the soma
What are nucleus, nucleolus, rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), mitochondrion? Also acceptable: Golgi apparatus, Nissl bodies
While action potentials are generated by the axon hillock, graded potentials occur here
What are dendrites and cell bodies of neurons?
Ion that has the highest membrane permeability across the cell membrane
What is potassium ion?
This type of event triggers depolarization
What are synaptic transmissions involving mechanically-gated or ligand-gated channels?
Molecules that stimulate receptor responses are called _____ while _____ will block receptor responses
What are agonists and antagonists?
Responsible for protein synthesis and segregation, they are found in the soma
What are Nissl bodies?
Four main functions of a neuron
What is reception, integration, conduction, and transmission of electrical and chemical signals?
Potassium ion concentration is _____ inside the cell than outside the cell
What is higher?
The absolute refractory period occurs during _____ and _____; the relative refractory periods occur during _____
What are depolarization and repolarization? (absolute refractory period)?
What is hyperpolarization? (relative refractory period)
This postsynaptic receptor must initiate a series of chemical reactions to open ion channels
What is a metabotropic receptor?
Type of protein channel that have receptors for neurotransmitters
What is a ligand-gated channel?
Describe the calcium ion's role in synaptic transmission
What is enter the presynaptic neuron to trigger neurotransmitter release?
Sodium ion concentration is _____ inside the cell than outside the cell
What is lower?
How refractory periods help action potentials
They ensure AP propagate in 1 direction along the axon without overlapping the signals
Neurotransmitters interact with this type of protein on the downstream cell membrane
What is ligand-gated channels or receptors?