Blood
What is the term used to describe red blood cells that are a deeper hue of red than normal?
Hyperchromic
What are the 3 main types of respiratory pressures?
Intrapulmonary, intrapleural and transpulmonary
What are the types of lymphocytes?
Natural killer cells, B cells and T cells
Describe the 3 modes of secretion.
Holocrine = entire cell becomes secreted
Apocrine = partial loss of cell during secretion
Merocrine = secretion without loss of cell material
What are the terms used to describe bone growth in length and width?
Length = interstitial
Width = appositional
What are the 3 main types of plasma proteins?
Albumin, globulins, fibrinogen
What are the main laws involved in respiration and their definitions?
Boyle’s Law = At a constant temperature, the pressure exerted by a gas is inversely proportional to its volume.
Dalton’s Law = The total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases = the sum of the pressures exerted by each individual gas.
Henry’s Law = When a mixture of gases is in contact with a liquid, each gas will dissolve in proportion.
Where do B and T cells form and mature?
B cells form and mature in bone marrow.
T cells form in bone marrow but travel to the thymus to mature.
Describe the 5 reversible cellular adaptations
Atrophy = decrease in cell size and number
Hypertrophy = increase in cell size
Hyperplasia = increase in cell number
Metaplasia = change in cell type
Dysplasia = abnormal growth and development of cells
What are the classifications of bone shape?
Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid, pneumatised
What are the 3 steps involved in haemostasis?
1. Vascular spasm
2. Platelet plug formation
3. Blood clotting
What are the labelled sections of the following spirogram and what can they be used to calculate?
FEV1 = volume of air expelled in 1 second
FVC (forced vital capacity) = volume expelled following deep breath and forceful expiration
FEV1/FVC = FEV (forced expiratory volume)
What are the primary and secondary lymphoid organs and the main difference between their functions?
Primary = red bone marrow, thymus gland; function = produce and mature lymphocytes
Secondary = lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, Peyer’s patches; function = activate immune responses
What product type classification is the following gland?
Mixed (serous and mucus)
What is the difference between intramembranous and endochondral ossification and what bone shapes are made from each?
Intramembranous ossification = bone develops from fibrous membrane, results in flat bones
Endochondral ossification = bone develops by hyaline cartilage model, results in all other bone shapes
What is the function of factor X and what does it require to complete this function?
Function: activates prothrombin (factor II) into thrombin (factor IIa)
requires factor V, vitamin K and calcium ions
What are the sequence of events during inspiration?
Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract.
Rib cage rises.
Thoracic cavity volume increases, therefore intrapulmonary pressure drops below atmospheric pressure.
Air flows into lungs down pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure = atmospheric pressure.
What are the types of lymph nodes?
Cervical, mediastinal, axillary, cubital, lumbar, iliac, inguinal, popliteal
What structure classification is the following gland?
Simple branched acinar
What is bone matrix (organic vs inorganic) made from?
Organic = collagen, proteoglycans, glycoproteins
Inorganic = calcium, phosphate
When do each of the two clotting cascades get activated?
Intrinsic = damage inside the blood vessel leading to exposure of collagen from the vessel wall, triggered by contact of blood with a negatively charged surface
Extrinsic = external damage that impacts the tissue outside the blood vessel, initiated with tissue factor is exposed to blood
What the locations of the two sets of receptors that monitor CO2 levels and what are their respective functions?
Central chemoreceptors = located in medulla oblongata, regulates breathing by indirectly detecting changes in CO2 levels using pH changes in CSF
Peripheral chemoreceptors = located in carotid and aortic bodies, detect O2, CO2 and pH and provide rapid feedback to respiratory control centre
How are dietary fats absorbed into the lymphatic system?
Dietary fats (typically triglycerides) are broken down in the small intestine into fatty acids and monoglycerides. They enter the simple columnar epithelial cells of the intestinal villi (enterocytes). Inside the enterocytes the FAs and monoglycerides recombine to form triglycerides. The triglycerides get coated and packaged with proteins and cholesterol to form chylomicrons. The chylomicrons are too large to enter blood capillaries and are therefore absorbed into lymphatic vessels.
What are the differences in appearance of the types of necrosis and what is the common location for each?
Coagulative
- firm and pale, architecture of dead tissue preserved for some days
- occurs in solid organs (eg. heart, kidneys, spleen)
Liquefactive
- dead cells completely digested, transformed into viscous liquid, area may contain pus
- most commonly occurs in the brain
Caseous
- “cheese-like” (yellow-white appearance), crumbly texture
- most commonly occurs in the lungs
What are the different types of bone cells and their functions?
Osteoprogenitor cells = maintain ability to undergo mitosis to differentiate into osteoblasts
Osteoblasts = secrete new bone matrix, synthesis and release proteins and organic components
Osteocytes (mature bone cells) = maintain matrix, recycle calcium salts and assist in repairing damaged bone
Osteoclasts = remove bone matrix, regulate calcium and phosphate