Biotechnology Century
The science of
using living organisms and their products
to make materials or solve problems
for human benefit.
What is Biotechnology
Biomolecules used as therapeutic products.
What is a Biopharmaceutical?
Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
What is sustainability?
The organelle in the cytoplasm that translates mRNA into protein.
What is Ribosome?
The sequence upstream of a gene that controls transcription initiation.
What is a promoter?
Metabolic process in absence
of oxygen producing
byproducts including ethanol,
CO2 and lactic acid.
What is fermentation?
The entire process of cell growth up to point of harvest.
What is Upstream Processing?
This fermentation process produces lactic acid and is carried out by lactic acid bacteria.
yWhat is lactic acid fermentation?
The use of DNA as a pharmaceutical agent to treat disease.
What is Gene Therapy?
Enzymes used in laundry detergents are designed to break down proteins, fats, or starches.
What are proteases, lipases, or amylases?
Maintaining constant
physiological state
What is homeostasis?
Pharmaceuticals developed to treat rare diseases.
What is an Orphan drug?
These electron carriers must be regenerated during fermentation to allow glycolysis to continue.
What are NAD⁺ / NADH?
Creates a stop codon.
What is a Nonsense Mutation?
The protein responsible for regulating gene expression by binding DNA regulatory sequences.
What is a transcription factor?
Increase available micronutrient
by engineering or selection
What is biofortification
A naturally occurring molecule that correlates with a disease.
What is a Biomarker?
This enzyme discovered in PET-degrading bacteria breaks PET polymer into smaller molecules.
What is PETase?
Alternations in the number or structure of chromosomes or parts of the chromosome.
What is Cytogenic disorders?
Proteins that assist newly synthesized polypeptides in folding correctly.
What are molecular chaperones?
A bio-pharmaceutical that has a destabilised hexamer. Lispro and Aspart are examples
What is fast acting insulin?
A systematic process to ensure products meet defined quality standards.
What is Quality Assurance?
This generation of bioethanol uses lignocellulosic biomass such as grasses, wood, and crop residues.
What is second-generation (2G) bioethanol?
A single copy of the gene does not produce enough protein required for a normal phenotype.
What is Haploinsufficiency?
When a recombinant protein accumulates in insoluble aggregates in bacterial cells, these structures are called this.
What are inclusion bodies?