Perspectives
This Neo-Marxist study analyzed the "moral panic" over mugging in the 1970s.
What is "Policing the Crisis" (Stuart Hall et al.)?
This "thesis" suggests that the criminal justice system is more lenient toward women because male officers are socialized to be protective.
What is the Chivalry Thesis?
This type of masculinity is the dominant, "idealized" version that emphasizes toughness and dominance.
What is Hegemonic Masculinity?
This 1999 report was a turning point for the UK police, labeling the Met "institutionally racist."
What is the Macpherson Report?
This sociologist argues that women are "naturally" less criminal because they possess the expressive role, emphasizing nurturing and empathy.
Who is Talcott Parsons?
Paul Gilroy argued that ethnic minority crime is a form of "this," rooted in a history of struggle against colonialism.
What is Political Resistance?
According to Frances Heidensohn, women commit less crime because they are subject to "this" in the home, public, and work.
What is Patriarchal Control?
This sociologist argues that crime is a "resource" men use to "accomplish" their masculinity when they lack other means.
Who is James Messerschmidt?
This term describes the informal values, including "macho" behavior and racism, found among police officers.
What is Canteen Culture?
These two researchers argue that the "chivalry thesis" is wrong; instead, they found that women were sentenced more leniently because their offenses were less serious, not because of male gallantry.
Who are Farmington and Morris?
This theory argues that crime stats are a "social construct" and do not reflect the actual level of criminality.
What is Interactionism (or Labelling Theory)?
This researcher interviewed 39 working-class women and concluded they commit crime when the "Class Deal" and "Gender Deal" break down.
Who is Pat Carlen?
This theory explains why young men are more likely to be involved in "edgework" or risky behavior for the thrill of it.
What is Lyng’s theory of Edgework?
Statistically, this ethnic group is significantly more likely to be stopped and searched than any other in the UK.
Who are Black/Black British people?
This researcher argues that the "Appraisal" of ethnic minority suspects by the police is based on "typifications" or stereotypes of what a "typical delinquent" looks like.
Who is Aaron Cicourel?
These sociologists argue that ethnic minority crime is real and caused by marginalization, subcultures, and relative deprivation.
Who are Lea and Young?
This theory argues that as women gain more independence and equality, their patterns of crime will begin to mirror those of men.
What is the Liberation Thesis (Freda Adler)?
This functionalist argued that the lack of a male role model in the "matrifocal" family leads boys to join street gangs for status.
Who is Walter B. Miller (Focal Concerns)?
This policing strategy involves targeting specific groups or "hotspots" based on predicted risk rather than actual evidence.
What is Pre-emptive Policing?
These Left Realists argue that we shouldn't "romanticize" ethnic minority crime as resistance; we must acknowledge that it is often caused by Relative Deprivation.
Who are Lea and Young?
This specific concept describes how the state uses "black crime" as a scapegoat to distract from the failures of capitalism.
What is an Ideological Function?
This term describes how the media and courts treat women more harshly when they violate traditional norms of "motherhood" or "femininity."
What is Double Deviance?
Simon Winlow studied this profession, usually seen outside of establishments, in Sunderland to show how men use physical strength as "bodily capital" for employment.
What are “bouncers”?
This sociologist argues that ethnic minority crime is a "political act" of resistance against a racist society and a colonial past.
Who is Paul Gilroy?
This Postmodernist argues that in a "Media-Saturated Society," masculine identity is no longer about "work" but about "consumption," leading to crimes like theft of high-status goods.
Who is Katz?