Pharmacokinetics and Drug Principles
Which pharmacokinetic stage refers to the movement of a drug from the administration site into the bloodstream?
A. Distribution
B. Absorption
C. Metabolism
D. Excretion
B - absorption
Which electrolyte primarily regulates fluid balance in the extracellular space?
A. Sodium
B. Potassium
C. Calcium
D. Magnesium
A - Sodium
Which white blood cell is the first responder during acute inflammation?
A. Neutrophil
B. Macrophage
C. Lymphocyte
D. Monocyte
A - Neutropphil
Which class of antibiotics kills bacteria by destroying the cell wall?
A. Penicillins
B. Macrolides
C. Tetracyclines
D. Sulfonamides
A - Penicillins
What is the most dangerous adverse effect of opioids?
A. Constipation
B. Respiratory depression
C. Sedation
D. Nausea
B- Respiratory Depression
Which pharmacokinetic process is most affected in older adults, increasing risk of drug toxicity?
A. Absorption
B. Distribution
C. Metabolism
D. Excretion
D - Excretion
Which electrolyte imbalance most commonly causes life-threatening cardiac dysrhythmias?
A. Sodium imbalance
B. Magnesium imbalance
C. Potassium imbalance
D. Calcium imbalance
C - Potassium Imbalance
A “shift to the left” on a CBC indicates:
A. Viral infection
B. Bone marrow suppression
C. Release of immature neutrophils
D. Autoimmune disease
C - Release of immature neutrophils
Which antibiotic class is contraindicated in children under 8 because it causes permanent tooth discoloration?
A. Sulfonamides
B. Macrolides
C. Aminoglycosides
D. Tetracyclines
D -Tetracyclines
Which medication is the antidote for opioid overdose?
A. Naloxone
B. Flumazenil
C. Atropine
D. Epinephrine
A - Naloxone
A medication bound to albumin in the bloodstream is considered:
A. Activated and highly potent
B. Inactive until released
C. Rapidly excreted
D. Destroyed by enzymes
B - Inactive until released
Which lab value is the most specific indicator of kidney function?
A. Creatinine
B. BUN
C. Sodium
D. Potassium
A - Creatinine
Which immune cells are responsible for producing antibodies?
A. Natural killer cells
B. B lymphocytes
C. Neutrophils
D. T lymphocytes
B - Lymphocytes
Which antibiotic class requires monitoring for ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity?
A. Macrolides
B. Aminoglycosides
C. Fluoroquinolones
D. Cephalosporins
B - aminoglycosides
Which opioid is 7× stronger than morphine and considered a high-alert medication?
A. Codeine
B. Tramadol
C. Hydromorphone
D. Oxycodone
C - Hydromorphone
Which medication characteristic requires very close monitoring because the difference between therapeutic and toxic levels is extremely small?
A. High bioavailability
B. Short half-life
C. Narrow therapeutic index
D. High protein binding
C - Narrow therapeutic index
A patient with hypocalcemia would most likely show which symptom?
A. Constipation
B. Muscle weakness
C. Decreased reflexes
D. Tetany and muscle spasms
D - Tetany and muscle spasms
Which inflammatory mediator is responsible for pain and fever?
A. Leukotrienes
B. Cytokines
C. Histamine
D. Prostaglandins
D - PGs
Which antibiotic can cause Red Man Syndrome if infused too rapidly?
A. Azithromycin
B. Gentamicin
C. Vancomycin
D. Ceftriaxone
C - Vancomycin
Why should heat never be applied over a fentanyl patch?
A. It prevents drug absorption
B. It increases drug absorption and overdose risk
C. It inactivates the medication
D. It causes skin necrosis
B - Increased absorption
Which medication route is NOT affected by the first-pass effect of the liver?
A. Oral
B. Rectal
C. Sublingual
D. Enteral feeding tube
C - Sublingual
A patient has Na⁺ = 150 mEq/L. What happens to water in the body?
A. Water remains unchanged
B. Water shifts into bloodstream
C. Water moves into cells
D. Water leaves the body through kidneys
B - Water shifts into the bloodstream
Which immune response is present at birth and non-specific?
A. Adaptive immunity
B. Acquired immunity
C. Innate immunity
D. Humoral immunity
C - Innate Immunity
Which antibiotic is the drug of choice for anthrax exposure?
A. Clindamycin
B. Azithromycin
C. Cefazolin
D. Ciprofloxacin
D - Ciprofloxacin
Which phenomenon occurs when increasing opioid doses produce no additional analgesia but more side effects?
A. Dependence
B. Addiction
C. Tolerance
D. Ceiling effect
D - Ceiling effect