First Wave
Early social protection mainly focused on this type of immediate support
What is basic relief / safety nets?
This wave focused on building structured programs like pensions and insurance
What is system expansion?
This wave focuses on responding to shocks like climate change and pandemics
What is adaptive social protection?
Programs in this wave were often targeted only at this group
Who are the poorest / most vulnerable?
Expanding coverage beyond the poorest reflects this key shift
What is scaling up / broader coverage?
Linking social protection with disaster response systems reflects this approach
What is shock-responsive systems?
A food aid program launched only during droughts but stopped afterward lacks this feature
What is sustainability / continuity?
A government creates a national registry to manage multiple welfare schemes — this is an example of
What is system institutionalization / formalization?
Using real-time data to expand benefits during a crisis demonstrates this capability
What is dynamic / data-driven responsiveness?
Multiple NGOs running parallel relief programs without coordination leads to this systemic issue
What is fragmentation?
Integrating multiple schemes into one system primarily helps reduce this problem
What is duplication / inefficiency?
A system that automatically increases payouts during floods without new legislation demonstrates this design feature
What is built-in scalability / automatic responsiveness?
Even when programs exist, many vulnerable people are left out due to poor targeting — this is known as
What are exclusion errors?
Expanding nationwide welfare systems creates pressure on government budgets, raising this key concern
What is fiscal sustainability?
Reframing beneficiaries as entitled participants in the system reflects this fundamental shift in perspective
What are rights-holders?