1920s
Red Scare
Who: Socialists
What: fear of communism among Americans
When: Started 1917
Why: Brought on by the rise of the Soviet Union and socialists originally being opposed to the war
Impact: Led to the palmer raids by the attorney general's office targeting socialists Deportation of Russian immigrants
Flappers
Who: Women denying traditional gender roles, Often dressed in low skirts, short hair, and drank, smoke, in public
When: 1920s
Where: Urban areas
Why: Flappers wanted to be seen as individuals that were more then just their gender
Significance: Changed how people though about gender roles
Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)
Who: President Hoover
What: A government insurance program giving federal dollars to banks and railroads to ensure places stay open, Failed because their was not enough money put into it by the government and Hoover
When: 1932
Where: big businesses across the United States
Why: Great Depression caused banks to be on the verge of closing because of their investments in the stock market
Significance: Shows that Hoover did try to fix the problems of the Great Depression but that he did too little to late
Kelogg Briand Pact
Who: National community after WW1
What: A pact that outlaws war, Consequences for those that cause and go to war, Meant to shun people for going to war
When: 1928
Why: Trying to keep war from being an immediate reaction to just any amount of problems
Significance: Would be the basis for the UN charter
Double V Campaign
Who: Franklin D. Roosevelt, Philip Randolph
What:
Organization of a march on Washington demanding an end to the Jim Crow System, Roosevelt believes it would create division
When: February 1942
Where: Washington DC
Why: Meant to make the war about victory over facism and segregation
Significance: Led to Roosevelt passing and executive order the end discrimination in war related work with government contracts
Teapot Dome Scandal
Who: Secretary of State Albert Fall, Warren G Harding
What: Albert Fall was taking bribes to allow oil companies to use army owned oil reserves
When: 1921-1923
Where: Teapot Dome Wyoming
Why: To serve his own interests
Impact: Was the first example of a secretary being put in jail while in office
Scopes Trial
Who: William Jennings Bryan who supported the state of Tennessee, John Scopes ,Clarence Darle defended Scopes
What: A fight over wether Darwinism or religious fundamentalism should be taught in public schools
When: July 1925
Where: Tenessee Supreme Court
Why: Scopes walked in to a classroom preaching about evolution, Was all part of a plan to bring the trial to the Supreme Court
Significance: Shows how people in a democracy interact majority rule vs the minority ideas
Agricultural Adjustment Act
Who: FDR
What: Raising the price of farmers crops which allowed them to make a profit, Also limited supply by telling farmers to only use half of their field
When: 1933
Where: Agricultural Farmers
Why: An attempt to recover the economy by boosting the economics of agriculture
Significance: Consumers often complained because of the raised price of food, Shows how FDRs New Deal was unpopular among some consumers because they could not afford food because they saw it as throwing away food
Lend Lease
Who: U.S., Allies (Britain, France, Soviet Union)
What: Nations like Britain could borrow American goods and when they were done with those goods at a later date they can pay for them
When: World War 2 (1939-1945)
Where: to the allies
Why:
A program which would allow the US to help the allies during the war, A way of not violating the neutrality acts because they are just borrowing the goods and not buying them
significance: Shows that the United States was clearly siding with the Allies
Rosie the Riveter
What: Rosie was a model of women working in the industrial work force during the war
When: 1940s
Where: in propaganda and war posters
Why: to serve as a patriotic symbol representing women showing their strength during the war
Significance: To some she was a controversial figure that challenged gender roles
Ford Model T
Who: Henry Ford
What: Early automobile, wages high for workers and low for buyers cause of mass production
When: 1908-1930
Where: Across the United States
Why: Ford wanted to make cars available to his own workers
Significance: Proved to be unstainable as ford later had to lower wages as other car companies made cars that sold better
Underconsumption
Who: The American People
What: People not generally buying stuff before the Great Depression and thus companies did not get enough money to sustain a profit
When: Late 1920s
Why: Money in the United States was still widely held among the higher classes thus many people of the middle class and lower class were unable to afford products leading to a lack of sales
Significance: Shows that despite the thriving economy their were major problems that would eventually lead to the 1930s Great Depression
Civilian conservation Core
Who: "Roosevelts Tree Army," Young men ages 18-25
What: The boys would live in a tent doing conservation work for the federal government, Payed 35 dollars per month with 25 going to their family back home
When: founded 1933
Where: National Parks, State Parks, and reservations
Why: Giving young men a job to support their family and do works on public grounds
Significance: Showed a widely successful and popular program of FDRs New Deal o Gave an alternative to working in private industry
Battle of the Buldge
Who: German Army, Allied army
What:
Germans amassing troops in one spot and breaking through the allied offense, Americans retreated but never broke the line fully
When: December 1944
Where: Northeastern France
Why: trying to make a last ditch effort to break the allys offense
Significance: Delays the ally invasion from the West meaning that the Soviets reached Germany first eventually leading to the division of East and West Germany
Containment
Who: Harry Truman, Soviet Union
What: Policy to not attack Soviet Union directly but instead keep them from spreading communism
When: 1947 onwards
Where: In other countries attempting to stop the spread of communist ideas
Why: Meant to stop the domino effect of communism which the United States saw as a problem
Significance: Problems noted from both sides of the political system as the United States did not make distinctions between what ares were best to protect
Tulsa Race Massacre
Who
African Americans in Tulsa
White people in Tulsa
What
Because of the initial incident white people burned black wall street to the ground
When May 1921
Where Tulsa specifically in the greenwood district (black wall street)
Why Extension of red summer
Initial incident is when a black man bumped into a white woman on an elevator causing uproar
Impact It shows the aftereffects of what happened to African Americans after their return for war
Bonus Army
Who: Destitute World War 1 veterans, Douglas MacArthur tasked with clearing out the protesting veterans
What: Veterans wanted their bonus that was promised to them in 1945 earlier, Marches in Washington D.C. at the capital and White House
When: 1932
Where: Washington D.C.
Why: Veterans wanted their bonus’ earlier because of the lack of money they had during Great Depression of the 1930s
Significance: Shows just how desperate people were during the Great Depression o Cost Hoover Re-election
Works Progress Administration
Who: FDR
What: Relief organization for unemployed people to do a variety of things, 55 dollars a month, Built sidewalks, airports, schools, post offices, and other government buildings
When: 1935-1943
Where: Across the United States
Why: Helped end the depression by dumping enough money in the economy so that consumers can buy goods again, Hiring unemployed people out of a job (hired 8 ½ million people)
Significance: It was a successful and popular program among workers as it helped them get through the Great Depression
Midway
Who: US Navy, Japanese Navy
What:
The US setting a trap for the Japanese at the island of Midway, Was a losing battle till American bombers got lost and ended up finding the entire Japanese ships and planes rearming allowing them to take them out in one try
When: June 1942
Where: Midway island in the Pacific
Why: to try to take out entire japanese fleet
Significance: Shows how fast the tide of war can change
Marshall Plan
Who: Named for Secretary of State Georg Marshall
What: Idea of building up economies so they are not weakened to stop communism
When: 1948
Where: foreign allies
Why: Realized that in strong economies that the chances of a communist revolution were low
Significance: 12 billion dollars were spent by NATO as part of this plan , Did manage to keep the countries from becoming communist
National Origins Act
Who: Immigrants
What: An act that limited the number of immigrants that could enter the US based on where they were coming from, Based on 1890 numbers aka was targeted at bringing in Irish and German immigrants while keeping out eastern European immigrants
When: passed 1924
Why: Meant to keep eastern and southern European immigrants out of the States
Significance: Kept immigrants of various types out of the country in heavy amounts until the 1960s
Dust Bowl
Who: Farmers in Kansas and Oklahoma
What: Migration caused by farming failure in the American Southwest, Defined by large dust storms and tearing up of farmers fields
When: 1930s
Where: Kansas and Oklahoma
Why: severe drought caused by excessive farming
Significance: Shows that the economy was not the only problem during the 1930s
Office of Price Adminstration
Who: Federal Government, FDR
What: Hiring companies to make products for the war effort , Controlling prices to ensure they do not go up when the war starts
When: 1941
Where: industrial fields
Why: to ensure the economy was geared towards waging war
Significance: Manufacturing power of the United States and other allies is what contributed to there success during the war