Vocabulary
Physical or mental collapse caused by overwork or stress.
Burnout
Use the correct tense: "By the time the manager arrived, the employees (already/finish) the report."
had already finished (Past Perfect)
Transform to Passive: "The company hired a new CEO."
A new CEO was hired by the company
Backshifting: If the direct speech is "I am tired", the reported speech is "He said he..."
was tired
3rd Conditional: "If I (know) about the vacancy, I (apply) for it."
If I had known... I would have applied
An invisible barrier that prevents certain groups (like women) from reaching top positions.
Glass Ceiling
In "Time Clauses", we never use "Will". Complete: "I will call you as soon as I (get) to the office."
get (Present Simple)
Structure used when you pay someone to do something for you (e.g., "The dentist cleaned my teeth").
The Causative (I had my teeth cleaned)
Reported Question: "Where do you work?" -> "She asked me..."
where I worked
Relative pronoun used to show possession (replaces "his", "her", "their").
Whose
This connector of contrast is followed by a noun or an -ing verb, NOT a full sentence. (Example: "____ the rain, we went out").
Despite / In spite of
Tense used for an action that started in the past and continues in the present with emphasis on duration.
Present Perfect Continuous
Rewrite in the Passive (Two objects): "They gave the candidate a contract."
The candidate was given a contract OR A contract was given to the candidate
Modal of Deduction (Past): You are 100% sure something happened. "He ____ ____ ____ (leave) early; his lights are off."
must have left
Rewrite using "Unless": "If you don't wear a mask, you can't enter."
Unless you wear a mask, you can't enter
To leave a job voluntarily, usually by giving a formal notice.
Resign / Hand in your notice
Change to Future Perfect: "I finish my internship in June." -> "By July, I..."
will have finished my internship
Transform: "People say that stress is the 'silent killer'." (Passive with 'It').
It is said that stress is the 'silent killer'
Modal of Advice: "You ____ ____ (better) wear a helmet in the factory."
had better
A synonym for "To sum up" or "In conclusion" for your final paragraph.
All in all / On the whole / In a nutshell
Name three "Connectors of Purpose" used in formal writing.
In order to, So as to, So that
Correct the error: "I am working here since 2010."
I have been working here since 2010
Translate using a Causative: "M'han d'arreglar l'ordinador de l'oficina."
I need to have my office computer repaired
Rewrite using Reported Speech: "Don't touch that button!"
He warned/ordered me NOT to touch that button
Mixed Conditional: "I didn't get the job (past), so I am not a manager now (present)."
If I had got the job, I would be a manager now