Organelles & functions
Which cell structure controls what enters and leaves the cell and forms the boundary of the cell?
Cell membrane
What term describes differences in traits (like color, size, or behavior) among individuals of the same species?
Variation in traits
Thick fur and layer of fat is what type of adaptation?
Structural
The trophic level that receives the most energy
Producers
What is the first type of organism to colonize a bare rock surface?
Lichen or (pioneer species)
Name the organelles where most of the cells ATP (energy) is produced.
Mitochondria
Fur color, eye color, and wing type are examples of variation in traits or adaptations?
Variation in traits
Hunting seals by waiting at breathing holes is what type of adaptation
Behavioral
How much energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next?
10% of the energy
Define primary succession
Primary succession is a recovery process after a disruption that leaves bare rock
which organelles make proteins? (this process includes assembling amino acids according to instructions from the nucleus)
Ribosomes
Variation in traits lead to what?
Adaptations in organisms
A frog survives winter by producing chemicals in its body that act like antifreeze, preventing its cells from being damaged when temperatures drop below freezing. What type of adaptation is this?
Physiological
If the producers had 1,000 units of energy, how much would the primary consumers receive?
100 units of energy
Define secondary succession
What is the jelly like substance that holds organelles in place?
Cytoplasm
which if the following is an examples of variation of traits:
1. All cats the same color 2. Some dogs have short fur, some have long fur 3. All apples taste the same
Define the following as structural, behavioral, and physiological adaptations:
Cactus spines, Birds flying south, Snake venom
Structural- cactus spines.
Behavioral- Birds flying south
Physiological- Snake venom
Why is only 10% of energy transferred to trophic levels
Energy is lost as heat, used for metabolism, movement, and maintenance leaving only a fraction of energy being passed down.
What is the difference between primary and secondary succession? Name 2!
Primary succession starts with bare rock; secondary starts with soil
Primary succession- takes longer than secondary
Primary succession pioneer species is lichen
For each of the following state whether it is found in a plant cell, an animal cell, or both:
cell wall, chloroplast, large vacuole, nucleus
Plant cell only: Cell wall, chloroplast & large vacuole
Both: Nucleus
A population of beetles has mostly green shells but a few brown ones. Over several generations in a brown-leaf environment, brown beetles become more common. Explain this change using the terms: variation, selection, and reproductive success.
Through selection (the predators seeing the green ones) brown beetles survive more often, leading to higher reproductive success when leads o a higher frequency of brown genes in future generations.
The reef stonefish has grey/sandy colored scales, that is able to camouflage into their rocky sea bed environment. It has a highly specialized metabolic system to thrive in high-pressure, low pressure light environments. It hunts prey by lying in wait for prey to pass. Identify each type of adaptation.
Structural- Camouflage
Physiological- Metabolic system
Behavioral- Lying in wait (hunting patterns)
How much energy would be available to the third trophic level:
Producers = 1000 J;
primary consumers ≈ 10% of 1000 = 100 J;
secondary consumers ≈ 10% of 100 = 10 J
Third trophic level = 10 joules
If a forest fire destroys all the trees but leaves the soil intact, explain what type of succession this is and why
This is secondary succession because it leaves damaged soil.