Social
This policy enforced the Russian language and Orthodox Christianity across the empire, alienating non-Russian ethnic groups.
What is Russification?
This term describes a ruler, like Tsar Nicholas II, who holds total and supreme power without needing approval from any legal body.
What is an Autocrat?
This ambitious railway project, largely championed by Sergei Witte, eventually linked Moscow with Vladivostok on the eastern coast.
What is the Trans-Siberian Railway?
This major global conflict began in July 1914, initially creating a sense of national unity in Russia that proved deceptive.
What is the First World War?
This Bolshevik leader returned from exile in April 1917 and led the October Revolution later that year.
Who is Vladimir Lenin?
These were outbreaks of mob violence against Jewish communities, often approved or ignored by the tsarist authorities.
What are pogroms?
Issued by the Tsar in October 1905, this document promised a parliament (Duma) and increased civil liberties to end the 1905 Revolution.
What is the October Manifesto?
To stabilize the rouble and attract foreign investment, Sergei Witte linked the Russian currency to this international monetary system.
What is the Gold Standard?
In March 1918, Bolshevik Russia withdrew from World War I by signing this treaty with Germany.
What is the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?
As Finance Minister from 1892 to 1903, he was the primary architect of Russia's rapid industrialization and railway expansion.
Who is Sergei Witte?
This tragedy during Nicholas II’s coronation festivities in 1896 resulted in over 1,300 deaths after a crowd stampede.
What is the Khodynka tragedy?
In April 1906, Nicholas II issued these laws to reassert his "supreme autocratic power," effectively allowing him to veto any legislation passed by the Duma
What are the Fundamental Laws?
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These were agricultural cooperatives or communes that organized land distribution among peasant households and were often seen as restrictive.
What are mirs?
This event in February 1917 led to the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II and the establishment of the Provisional Government.
What is the February Revolution?
This "self-professed healer" gained great influence over the Tsarina due to his apparent ability to treat the Tsarevich’s haemophilia.
Who is Grigori Rasputin?
This official faith of the Russian state acted as a vital pillar of support for the tsarist political system.
What is Orthodox Christianity?
After the October Revolution, this five-member body appointed in 1919 became the real center of power in the Soviet Union.
What is the Politburo?
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During the Civil War, the Bolsheviks imposed this economic policy, which included the forced requisitioning of grain and state control of industry.
What is War Communism? (Page 164)
The Romanov dynasty celebrated this major milestone in 1913, which Nicholas II believed showed his rule was more secure than ever
What is the 300th anniversary?
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Serving as Prime Minister from 1906, he combined harsh repression of revolutionaries with land reforms to help the peasantry.
Who is Pyotr Stolypin?
Karl Marx used this term to describe the urban, industrial working class who he believed would eventually overthrow capitalism
What is the proletariat?
This concept, followed by Lenin, held that only the Bolshevik Party represented the workers and that multi-party politics was a "bourgeois deception"
What is democratic centralism?
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This group of wealthy, property-owning peasants was encouraged by Stolypin’s reforms to create a stable, pro-government class in the countryside.
What are kulaks?
This uprising by sailors in March 1921 was crushed by the Bolsheviks, leading to the final establishment of a one-party state.
What is the Kronstadt (sailors') uprising?
This former tsarist admiral, known as the "Supreme Ruler," led White forces in Siberia during the Civil War before his execution in 1920.
Who is Alexander Kolchak? (Page 164)