Feeding
A patients skin has a yellow tint to it, what is the primary organ involved in the this adverse display.
The Liver
What is encephalopathy?
Encephalopathy is a broad, non-specific term for any disease, damage, or malfunction that affects brain structure or function.
- Hepatic Encephalopathy: Caused by liver failure.
- Uremic Encephalopathy: Resulting from kidney failure.
- Toxic-Metabolic Encephalopathy: Caused by infection, drugs, or organ failure.
-Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE): Caused by repeated head injuries.
What are the 2 feeding delivery systems used for short term enteral nutrition with DELAYED gastric emptying?
Omega Jejunostomy Tube and Nasojejunal (NJ) Tube
Acute Liver Failure is classified by development within 26 weeks (usually a few days) of symptom onset with 2 key changes in labs/baseline. What are they?
INR >1.5 and encephalopathy
What does Lactulose aid in excreting?
Ammonia
Normally converted by the liver into a less harmful substance called urea, which is then excreted through urine.
At what stage is pancreatic cancer commonly found and diagnosed?
Stage 4
What is the difference between PPN and TPN?
TPN is highly concentrated (osmolarity) requiring it to only be given through a central line long term and covers total nutritional coverage, where as PPN is less concentrated (osmolarity), allowing it to be given peripherally short term but only partially/supplements nutrition.
What is the primary antidote for Tylenol Toxicity (leading cause of liver failure)?
N-Acetylcysteine (NAC)
How does Rifaxamin and metronidazole aid in hepatic encephalopathy?
By reducing ammonia-producing anaerobic bacteria in the gut
At what cancer stages can a Whipple Procedure be preformed
Stages 1 and 2
What does Anabolic mean for metabolism?
Characterized by muscle building, growth, tissue maintenance, and protein synthesis.
Name 3 nursing interventions to be done in patients with liver failure.
Daily Weights
Measure I&O's
Fluid Restrictions/Na Restrictions
Measure abdominal girth
What does a Sengstaken-Blakemore tube aid in the control of?
The primary purpose of this device is to achieve temporary hemostasis in massive variceal hemorrhage that does not respond to pharmacologic interventions
At what age should patients start colon cancer screenings with a colonoscopy?
Elevated lactic acid levels are a primary clinical indicator of tissue hypoperfusion and metabolic acidosis, why is this?
When the body lacks enough oxygen (hypoxia), it shifts from aerobic metabolism to anaerobic metabolism. In this state, the body breaks down glucose without oxygen, leading to the buildup of lactate (lactic acid) in the blood.
What are 2 major and preventable causes for liver failure?
Excessive alcohol consumptionand acetaminophen (Tylenol) overdose
What are the primary risk associated with
Aspiration PNA and Ulceration.
After 24-48 hours it must be removed due to risk of ulceration and perforation.