Lesson 84
How do mature cattle kick vs young cattle?
Mature Cow: roundhouse motion kick forward, to the side and backward
Young calves: kicks slightly to the side and then back
What is feed conversion or feed efficiency?
Units of feed consumed per unit of weight gained
What herd management strategy treats only individuals based on clinical signs instead of the whole herd; allowing some populations of internal parasites to remain in healthy hosts. In doing so, will slow anthelmintic and insecticide resistance?
Targeted selected treatment
BRDC is a multifactorial disease complex that often has increased stress as its inciting cause. What should be done to minimize this?
Precondition (pre-vaccinate prior to transport and “bunk-break”), minimize stress by reducing overcrowding and provide adequate food/water, ventilate
What are the five freedoms of animal welfare in all settings?
Freedom of hunger and thirst, Freedom from discomfort, Freedom from pain, injury, or disease, freedom to express normal behavior, and freedom from fear and distress
How do you prevent and control Brachyspira hyodsenteriae?
Rodent control because they are vectors!! And biosecurity!!!!
What allows for optimal separation/isolation and biosecurity for dairy calf operations post weaning?
Hutches! 7-8 weeks post weaning they will be moved to group pens.
Why would a goat have a higher instance of gastrointestinal infection if grazing in pastures?
Goats are browsers and feed off shrubbery. They lack the innate immunity to grass dwelling parasites
Which bovine viral disease is often subclinical but can present as lymphocytosis with occasional internal tumors. It is prevalent in the US?
Enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL)
What is the main goal of an animal shelter and what are its determining factors?
To operate at Capacity for care level with adequate housing and staffing
A client presents to your clinic about his herd of grower pigs who have been sneezing, coughing, and anorexic. Their growth rate has been slower to previous growing herds. What is your top differential? And how do you prevent this?
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
Improve ventilation and vaccine to reduce severity of dz
What's the difference between gestation crates and farrowing crates?
Gestation crates are to prevent sows from fighting when they are pregnant and farrowing crates are to prevent the sow from laying on the piglets
Horse parasite prevalence is high but disease is rare. What nematode can cause colic in horses and what treatment strategy should be implemented?
Cyathostomins- perform fecal egg count and treat only high shedders with benzimidazoles, macrocyclic lactones, nicotinic agonists, or pyrazinoisoquinolones
FMD has low mortality, yet high morbidity, why is it reportable?
No effective vaccine leads to loss of control of disease outbreak and can cause massive economic loss
What key metric is used by animal shelters to assess how many animals leave the shelter alive?
Live release rate
What are the 5 domains in terms of animal welfare?
Domains: nutrition, physical environment, health, behavioral interactions, mental state
What is the difference between extensive and intensive rearing systems?
Extensive they have to walk around to find their food and graze.
Intensive they are given food directly so they can get fattened up quicker and easier.
For refugia strategies to work, what needs to also occur? Think drugs
High drug efficacy
A 3 year old ewe has been progressively losing weight and you notice she is having difficulty breathing. You perform a wheel barrow test and a significant amount of clear/frothy nasal fluid oozes out. What disease should be on your top differential list?
Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) aka Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus
Which type of shelter is characterized by few guidelines, funded privately, run from home and volunteers, and is sometimes breed specific?
Rescue/foster care groups
What are the 3 diseases that dermatophilus congolensis can cause?
Rain scald/rain rot
Lumpy wool disease
Strawberry foot-rot
(Cattle, horse, sheep, goat)
When would you use a herringbone milking parlor?
Small-to-medium-sized dairy herds (typically under 400 cows) requiring high efficiency and cost-effective construction. It is ideal for farmers prioritizing excellent udder visibility, easy installation, and easy expansion for future herd growth.
What can be done to minimize parasite burdens in herd populations without the use of anthelmintics?
Fences, decrease stocking density, don't graze on low pastures, don’t force animals to stray away from natural feeding habits (ex goats grazing, cows browsing)
What are the 4 most common presentations for Porcine circovirus associated disease (PCVAD)?
Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS)
Porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC)
Reproductive failure; SMEDI (PCV2-RD)
Porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS)
What type of shelter is the GSPCA in Grenada?
Private Non-profit Humane society