DNA Structure
What base pairs with adenine in DNA?
Thymine
What enzyme unzips DNA during replication?
Helicase
What is a codon?
A group of three bases on mRNA
What is a mutation?
A: A change in the DNA sequence
What is genotype? What is a Phenotype?
Genotype - The genetic makeup (alleles) of an organism
Phenotype - The Physical traits of an organism
What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
A: Phosphate, sugar, nitrogen base
Where does transcription occur?
A: Nucleus
Where does translation occur?
A: Ribosome (in the cytoplasm)
What type of mutation adds a base?
Insertion
What is a carrier? How is it shown on a Pedigree chart?
An individual who has the allele but does not show the trait.
Half shaded (sometimes not shown)
What is the shape of DNA?
A: Double helix
What does DNA polymerase do?
Adds nucleotides to build a new DNA strand
What does tRNA do?
Brings amino acids to the ribosome
What type of mutation removes a base?
Deletion
In incomplete dominance, what happens to the phenotype?
The traits blend
What is a gene?
A: A segment of DNA that codes for a protein
What does semi-conservative replication mean?
A: Each new DNA molecule has one original strand and one new strand
What is the central dogma?
DNA → RNA → protein
What type of mutation changes one base?
Substitution
What is codominance?
Both alleles are expressed
What is a chromosome?
A structure of DNA that contains many genes
What is the purpose of DNA replication?
To make an identical copy of DNA
What amino acid does AUG code for?
Methionine (start codon)
Why are insertions and deletions often more serious?
They cause a frameshift mutation
What shapes represent males and females on a pedigree chart?
Males - Square
Female - Circle