Paraphrase Basics
What is semantic paraphrase?
Expressing the same meaning using different words
What type of paraphrase replaces a word with a synonym (e.g., “die” instead of “pass away”)?
Lexical paraphrase
What is the main reason for paraphrasing when there is no exact equivalent in the target language?
Lack of direct equivalents
What is the term for translating a phrase literally, element by element?
Calque
What type of transformation makes a general word more specific (e.g., “vehicle → car”)?
Concretization
Does paraphrasing focus on meaning or form?
Meaning
What type of paraphrase makes implicit information explicit?
Explicative paraphrase
Why do translators paraphrase when dealing with culturally specific concepts?
To adapt to cultural differences
What type of transformation changes sentence structure during translation?
Grammatical transformation
What type of transformation makes a specific word more general (e.g., “oak → tree”)?
Modulation
What is the opposite of paraphrasing in translation?
Literal translation
What type of paraphrase reduces explicit detail when context allows?
Implicative paraphrase
Why is paraphrasing used to improve the naturalness of a translation?
To achieve stylistic appropriateness
What type of transformation changes word meaning or choice?
Lexical transformation
What type of transformation changes the perspective (e.g., “not difficult → easy”)?
Modulation
What skill allows translators to deal with missing equivalents between languages?
Paraphrasing
What type of paraphrase replaces a term with a descriptive phrase (e.g., “unmarried man”)?
Descriptive paraphrase
Why is paraphrasing helpful when a source text is vague or unclear?
To avoid ambiguity / clarify meaning
What type of transformation is used when translating metaphors and figurative language?
Metaphoric transformation
What type of translation uses the opposite meaning with negation (e.g., “failed to notice → didn’t notice”)?
Antonymic translation
Which translation theory emphasizes conveying sense rather than words?
Interpretive theory of translation
What type of paraphrase changes grammatical structure but keeps the meaning?
Structural paraphrase
Why do different text types (legal, literary, technical) require different levels of paraphrasing?
Because of text type requirements
What is the main purpose of using translation transformations?
To preserve meaning, style, and communicative effect
What type of transformation compensates for a loss of meaning in another part of the text?
Compensation