Brain areas and functions
Function of the thalamus
What is...
all sensory information except olfaction, relays signals
Define a local potential
What is...
localized disturbance in membrane potential
Identify the three layers of the meninges
What is...
dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
Identify neurotransmitter types
What is...
acetylcholine (ACh), amino acids (GABA glycine), monoamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamin), neuropeptides (serotonin, histamine, endorphins)
What are magrophages in CNS?
Function of the hypothalamus
What is...
thirst, thermoregulation, rage
List the types of local potentials
What is...
1. graded: varied in magnitude based on stimulus strength
2. decremental: gets weaker as the stimulus spreads away
3. reversible: movement of K+
4. excitatory or inhibitory
Describe the dura mater
What is...
- outermost layer
- periosteal layer directly against bone
- anchors brain at crista galli
- dural venous sinuses drain blood from brain
Identify the main neurotransmitter types that interact with receptors
What is...
ACh, GABA, and norepinephrine
Define oligodendrocytes
What are cells that form myelin sheaths in CNS and wrap around many nerve fibers/axons
function of the medulla oblongata
What is...
dessucation (crossing of nerve fibers), controls your breath and heart function
identify absolute refractory period
What is...
when sodium channels open, further stimuli won't generate new AP
describe the arachnoid mater
What is...
- subdural space above
- subarachnoid space below
- spaces contain CSF
Describe what happens in sodium channel
What is...
- AChR binds to sodium channel
- sodium influx = increases voltage (excitatory)
- cholinergic = has to do with ACh
- ionotropic channel
What is...
- framework of CNS
- the cell that:
- contributes to the blood brain barrier (BBB)
- converts glucose to lactate to feed neurons
- increase in synapse formation
function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
What is...
provides neutral buoyancy, protects/cushions brain against skull, regulates ions and removes wastes
Identify the relative refractory period
What is...
sodium channels close and potassium channels open, entering hyperpolarization, and a strong stimulus may generate another AP before the resting membrane potential is reached/resumed
Describe the pia mater
What is...
- the innermost layer in direct contact with cerebrum
Describe chlorine channel
What is...
- GABA-ergic receptor binds to the chloride channel
- chlorine ion influx = decreases voltage (inhibitory)
- GABA-ergic
- ionotropic channel
Describe schwann cells
What is:
- myelinated and unmyelinated nerves in PNS
- speeds vary: 1. small and unmyelinated (0.5-2m/sec); 2. small and myelinated (3-15m/sec); 3. large and myelinated (120m/sec)
Function of limbic system
What is...
emotional integration and memory, amygdala, hippocampus, and cingulate gyrus (above the corpus callosum)
Differentiate between an unmyelinated and a myelinated impulse
What is...
unmyelinated impulse: sodium influx = depolarization, sodium diffuses under cell membrane to increase voltage and signal moves as a continuous wave across cell membrane
myelinated impulse: saltatory conduction, concentration of voltage-gated channels at nodes of ranvier, sodium diffuses but myelin prevents escape, refractory periods so unidirectional
1. Where is CSF produced?
2. Identify the pathway through which CSF travels through
What is...
1. the lateral ventricle
2. lateral ventricle --> through 3rd ventricle --> through aqueduct --> around cerebellum, spinal column and cerebrum --> drained out through villi and sinus
Describe exceptions to alternative channels
What is...
- norepinephrine (NE) binds to adrenergic receptors (alpha and beta)
- G-subunit binds to the adrenergic receptor
- metabotropic (for metabolism and an add on)
- inhibitory or excitatory
Identify and describe neuron types
1. sensory: input to CNS
2. interneurons (association neurons):
- between sensory and motor in CNS
- 90% of all neurons
- process, store, retrieve information
3. motor:
- output from CNS
- to effector