Isms & Ideologies
This "ism" suggests that people sharing a common language, history, and culture should be united under a single sovereign state.
Nationalism
Unlike the British model of private entrepreneurship, many Continental nations—particularly Russia and Prussia—modernized their economies through this financial method
State-sponsored industrialization (investment, protective tariffs, subsidies, schooling, etc.)
This Prussian "Iron Chancellor" used "Blood and Iron" to unify Germany under Prussian leadership.
Otto von Bismarck
At this 1884–1885 conference, European powers established the "effective occupation" rule for claiming African territory
The Congress of Berlin
On the Western Front, the conflict devolved into this specific type of static warfare, characterized by massive casualties for very little territorial gain.
Trench Warfare
This ideology, championed by Klemens von Metternich, sought to maintain the traditional social order and monarchy after the Napoleonic Wars
Conservatism
The Second Agricultural revolution, or increase in agricultural productivity in Britain often associated with the enclosure of public lands, enabled early industrialization by leading to this socio-economic phenomenon that ensured a steady stream of low-wage factory workers
Labor Surplus
The Crimean War (1853-56), in which Russia was defeated by Britain, France and the Ottomans, is historically significant because it destroyed this diplomatic system, which had maintained peace among the Great Powers since 1815.
Concert of Europe
This conflict between Britain and the Qing Dynasty in the 1840s and 50s was sparked by British illegal trade and resulted in the "Unequal Treaties."
The Opium Wars
Because so many of a nation's young men were at the front, this demographic group entered the workforce in record numbers, eventually leading to their right to vote in many nations.
Women
Adherents of this "ism" argued for free trade, individual rights, and limited government interference in the economy (laissez-faire).
These organizations were formed by workers to collectively bargain for better wages and safer conditions, despite initial government bans and hostility from employers.
Labor Unions / Trade Unions
Known as the "Springtime of Peoples," these failed uprisings sought to replace conservative monarchies with liberal and nationalist governments.
Revolutions of 1848
This Belgian monarch’s personal rule over the Congo became a global scandal due to the extreme exploitation of rubber workers
King Leopold II
This term describes a conflict where a nation's entire resources—including the economy, the civilian population, and the media—are mobilized for the war effort.
Total War
This movement rejected Enlightenment rationalism, instead emphasizing emotion, nature, and the "sublime."
Romanticism
This technological advancement allowed for the mass production of cheap steel, revolutionizing construction and rail travel and playing a significant role in the Second Industrial Revolution.
The Bessemer Process
PICK ONE!
1.This nationalist leader conquered Southern Italy and eventually yielded his gains to King Victor Emmanuel II.
2. This Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia is considered the "architect" of Italian unification for his brilliant use of diplomacy and alliances.
1. Giuseppe Garibaldi
2. Count Camillo di Cavour
This 19th-century theory applied the concept of “survival of the fittest” to justify racial hierarchies, imperial conquest, and the domination of weaker peoples.
Social Darwinism
This international organization was created after the war to prevent future conflicts, though the U.S. never joined.
Developed as a critique of the social inequalities caused by industrial capitalism, this ideology argued that the means of production—including the factories, tools, and land used to create goods—should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole to ensure a more equitable distribution of wealth.
Commissioned by Napoleon III, this massive project beginning in the 1850s replaced the narrow, winding streets of medieval Paris with wide boulevards and modern sewers, a transformation designed both to improve public health and to prevent the urban poor from effectively building barricades during revolts.
Huassmann's Renovation of Paris
In the decade leading up to 1914, this specific region became known as the 'Powder Keg of Europe' because the decline of Ottoman authority allowed for a dangerous power struggle between Austria-Hungary and Russia over newly independent Slavic states
The Balkans / The Balkan Peninsula
The invention of this medicine allowed European imperialist to penetrate deeper into the Continent of Africa
Quinine
As mandated by the Treaty of Versailles (1919) and the War Guilt Clause, Germany was forced to pay these (massive financial payments to the Allies for war damages)
Reparations