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Cell Basics

100

What is the smallest unit of life?

A cell

200

What are the tiny structures inside cells that perform specific jobs?

Organelles

300

Cells are the basic unit of what and function?

Structure

400

What is the name of the idea that explains all living things are made of cells?

Cell theory

500

What is the process where new cells are made from existing cells?

Cell division

Organelles Functions

100

Which organelle contains DNA and controls the cell?

Nucleus

200

A cell cannot produce energy efficiently—what organelle is likely damaged?

Mitochondria

300

If materials cannot move through the cell, which organelle is failing?

Endoplasmic reticulum

400

Which organelle controls what enters and leaves the cell?

Cell Membrane

500

Which organelle makes ribosomes?

Nucleolus

Plant vs. Animal

100

Why can plants survive without eating other organisms?

They perform photosynthesis and produce food

200

Why would an animal cell burst more easily than a plant cell?

It lacks a cell wall

300

Which cell type would have more chloroplasts and why?

Plant cells, because they make food for the plant 

400

If a cell has chlorophyll, what type of cell is it?

Plant cell

500

Name all the key differences between plant and animal cells

• Plant cells have a cell wall; animal cells do not

• Plant cells have chloroplasts; animal cells do not

• Plant cells can perform photosynthesis (make their own food); animal cells cannot and must get food from other organisms

• Plant cells usually have a large central vacuole; animal cells have smaller vacuoles

Mitosis

100

In which phase would chromosomes be easiest to see clearly? Why?

Metaphase - B/c they are in the middle 

200

If chromosomes are not pulled apart, which phase failed?

Anaphase 

300

If the nuclear membrane does not reform, which phase is affected?

Telophase

400

What structure ensures chromosomes move correctly during mitosis?

Spindle Fibers 

500

Why must chromosomes condense during mitosis?

So they can be moved easily without tangling

cancer

100

Why is cancer considered a failure of the cell cycle?

Cells divide uncontrollably

200

How do mutations lead to cancer?

They disrupt normal cell division -  leading to rapid division

300

Why do treatments target fast-growing cells?

Cancer cells divide rapidly

400

Why can chemotherapy affect healthy cells?

Chemotherapy affects healthy cells because it targets fast-dividing cells, and some normal cells in the body also divide quickly. 

Healthy cells that divide quickly:

• Hair cells → causes hair loss
• Skin cells → can cause irritation
• Cells in stomach lining → can cause nausea

500

What are the three main treatments for cancer, and explain how each one works?

• Surgery → physically removes the tumor

• Chemotherapy → uses drugs to kill or slow fast-growing cancer cells

• Radiation therapy → uses high-energy rays to destroy cancer cells