Know Your Ethics
This seminal report articulated the three core ethical principles of respect for persons, beneficence, and justice in human subjects research
What is the Belmont Report?
In a basic experimental study, this variable (X) is manipulated by the researcher, while this other variable (Y) is measured as the outcome. Name the variable types.
What are the independent variable (X;manipulated) and the dependent variable (Y;outcome)?
These three measures are the most common measures of central tendency in descriptive statistics.
What are the mean, median, and mode?
This hypothesis states that there is no difference, relationship, or effect in the population and is the statement that statistical tests initially assume to be true.
What is the null hypothesis?
This concept refers to the consistency or stability of a measure across time, raters, or items.
What is reliability?
This Belmont principle focuses on maximizing benefits, minimizing harm, and upholding a “do no harm” philosophy in research.
What is beneficence?
This broad research approach focuses on numerical data, measurement, and statistical analysis.
What is quantitative research?
This measure of central tendency is best when a distribution is heavily skewed or contains outliers, because it is the middle value of ordered scores.
What is the median?
This value in hypothesis testing represents the probability of obtaining the observed results, or more extreme, if the null hypothesis is true.
What is the p value?
This concept refers to the accuracy or truthfulness of what the measure claims to assess.
What is validity?
This ethical principle concerns the fair distribution of the risks and benefits of research across groups of people.
What is justice?
DAILY DOUBLE
Name three hallmark characteristics of qualitative research (for example, how it approaches context, data, and analysis).
This level of measurement categorizes data into unordered groups, such as race or yes/no, without ranking.
What is a nominal scale?
This type of error, also known as a false positive, occurs when a researcher rejects a true null hypothesis.
What is a Type I error?
This type of reliability examines the consistency of ratings between multiple observers, often using statistics such as Cohen’s kappa or the intraclass correlation coefficient.
What is interrater (or inter-observer) reliability?
When creating demographic forms for multicultural research, this practice involves allowing participants to self-identify in flexible ways rather than forcing them into fixed categories.
What is using open-ended or multiple-select identity options (e.g., “check all that apply” and “self-describe” fields)?
This type of quantitative design involves random assignment to conditions and manipulation of an independent variable to infer causality.
What is an experimental design?
These two scale types both have equal intervals, but only one includes a true zero point where zero means absence of the construct.
What are interval scales (equal intervals, no true zero) and ratio scales (equal intervals, true zero)?
This statistical test (A) compares the means of two groups, whereas this family of tests (B) compares means across three or more groups.
What are t-tests (for two group means) and ANOVAs (analysis of variance for three or more group means)?
These two classic threats to internal validity involve changes over time that can impact results independently of the intervention: one (A) due to external events, the other (B) due to natural changes within participants.
What are history effects (external events over time) and maturation effects (natural changes within participants)?
These are two important things researchers should think about when planning studies with participants from different cultural backgrounds.
What are (for example) using culturally appropriate and translated materials, and showing respect for cultural norms and communication styles?
This quantitative design examines the relationship between variables without manipulating them and is often used when random assignment is not possible.
What is a correlational (or non-experimental) design?
In a normal distribution, approximately what percentage of cases fall within plus or minus 1, 2, and 3 standard deviations from the mean, respectively?
What are about 68% within ±1 SD, about 95% within ±2 SD, and about 99.7% within ±3 SD?
This technique uses multiple predictor variables to estimate or predict a single continuous outcome variable and can examine unique contributions of each predictor.
What is multiple regression?
DAILY DOUBLE
Name two threats to external validity that can limit how well study findings generalize beyond the research setting.