Local Impacts
This is what happened to many people when factories opened in nearby towns and cities; they moved from farms to work there.
Urbanization / rural to urban migration
The Industrial Revolution began in this country in the late 1700s.
England (Great Britain).
This machine invented by James Hargreaves spun many threads quickly and helped textile production.
Spinning jenny.
He improved the steam engine and is often linked to powering factories and trains.
James Watt.
Define the term "urbanization"
Urbanization: the growth of cities as people move from rural areas to live and work in towns.
Name one problem that grew in towns where factories were located, caused by rapid population growth and crowded housing.
Overcrowding, poor sanitation, disease, or inadequate housing.
Name one way industrialization changed trade between countries.
Increased exports, need for raw materials, faster and larger trade networks
Eli Whitney invented this device that made cleaning cotton faster and increased cotton supplies for factories.
Cotton Gin
This person invented the spinning jenny
James Hargreaves.
What is an assembly line and why did it help make goods cheaper?
Assembly line: a manufacturing process where each worker or machine does one small task; it speeds production and lowers costs.
Factories led to new jobs but also change in family life. Describe one way daily family life changed for children.
Children worked long hours in factories, missing school; families had less time together.
The need for raw materials and new markets led stronger countries to do this to weaker regions to control resources and trade.
Colonize / imperialism / take control of other regions.
Name the invention by James Watt that greatly improved factory power and helped machines run faster.
Improved steam engine (steam engine improvements by James Watt).
Name one political or social reformer who worked to improve factory conditions or child labor laws during the 19th century.
Examples: Robert Owen, Lord Shaftesbury, or reformers who supported child labor laws.
Give one example of how the environment was affected in cities by factories (air, water, or land).
Example: smoke from factories polluted air; factories dumped waste into rivers.
Many local governments had to build or improve one type of infrastructure to support growing industrial towns (roads, bridges, or this that carries water). Which infrastructure was important for public health?
Clean water systems / sewers / sanitation.
Describe one environmental effect that became a global concern because many industrialized countries increased factory production.
Air and water pollution, deforestation, or resource depletion.
This invention by Richard Arkwright helped move textile production from homes to factories (think water-powered).
Water frame
This person invented the cotton gin
Eli Whitney.
Explain what a trade union is and one reason workers formed them.
Trade union: a group of workers who join to demand better pay or conditions.
Explain one economic benefit and one economic drawback a town might experience after a large factory opens there.
Benefit: more jobs, higher local income. Drawback: pollution, higher living costs, or worker exploitation.
Explain how the Industrial Revolution helped to spread cultural or technological ideas between continents (one example).
Examples: spread of steam technology, railroads, or factory methods to other continents.
Pick one transportation invention (railroad, steamship, or canal lock system). Explain how it changed where goods could be sold.
Railroads/steamships allowed goods to travel farther and faster, opening new markets.
Explain how an inventor or reformer from the Industrial Revolution changed life for workers or consumers (give one clear example).
Example: Robert Owen improved working conditions in factories; inventions like the steam engine increased production and lowered costs.
Compare one similarity and one difference between the Agricultural Revolution and the Industrial Revolution (one sentence each).
Similarity: Both increased food or goods production. Difference: Agricultural Revolution changed how food was grown; Industrial Revolution changed how goods were manufactured.