Key Persons
This Enlightenment thinker argued that people are born with natural rights—life, liberty, and property—and that governments exist only with the consent of the governed.
Who is John Locke
This term refers to Spanish soldiers‑explorers of the 1500s who conquered large parts of the Americas in search of wealth, glory, and the spread of Christianity.
What is a conquistador
This cultural movement began in Italian city‑states like Florence and Venice, where wealth from trade helped spark a rebirth of art, learning, and classical ideas.
What is the Renaissance in Italy
Britain and France
What are the causes of World War I
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This Portuguese explorer led the first expedition to successfully circumnavigate the globe, even though he did not survive the journey.
Who is Ferdinand Magellan
This navigation tool, used by European explorers, measured the angle of the sun or stars above the horizon to help sailors determine their latitude at sea.
What is an astrolabe
This secret 1917 message from Germany urged Mexico to attack the United States in exchange for the return of lost territory, helping push America into World War I.
What is the Zimmerman Telegram
15th Century invention help spread new ideas and culture rapidly
Printing Press
Name 3 Enlightenment Thinkers
Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Rousseau
His assassination in Sarajevo in 1914 set off a chain reaction that ignited World War I.
Who is Franz Ferdinand
This political theory claimed that a monarch’s authority came directly from God, meaning to challenge the king was to challenge God.
What is the divine right
This Spanish king launched a massive naval fleet in 1588 to invade England and restore Catholic dominance, only to see it defeated by English firepower and violent storms.
Who is Philip II
This 18th‑century intellectual movement emphasized reason, individual rights, and the power of human
What is the Enlightenment
What are the causes of World War II
Long‑term anger over the Treaty of Versailles, the rise of totalitarian leaders like Hitler and Mussolini, worldwide economic depression, and aggressive expansion in Europe and Asia all helped spark this global conflict that began in 1939.
This royal couple took the English throne during the Glorious Revolution of 1688, agreeing to rule under a constitutional monarchy and signing the English Bill of Rights.
Who are William and Mary
This term describes a situation where an outside nation dominates another country’s trade or economic decisions without directly ruling it.
What is a sphere of influence
This 1517 document by Martin Luther criticized the Catholic Church’s sale of indulgences and sparked the Protestant Reformation.
What are the 95 Theses
Beginning in the mid‑1700s, this major shift from hand production to machine manufacturing
What is the Industrial Revolution
Passed in 1917 and 1918, these U.S. laws limited free speech during World War I by making it illegal to criticize the government, the draft, or the war effort—restrictions the Supreme Court upheld in cases like Schenck v. United States.
What are the Espionage and Sedition Acts
This Spanish conquistador overthrew the Aztec Empire in 1521 and claimed Mexico for Spain.
Who is Hernán Cortés
This 1688 event replaced King James II with William and Mary, establishing that Parliament—not the monarch—held ultimate authority in England.
What is the Glorious Revolution
This revolutionary leader and his party sought to overthrow Russia’s provisional government in 1917
Who are Lenin and the Bolsheviks
What is World War I
- Start
- Middle
- Finish
Beginning in 1914 with the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, this global conflict saw trench warfare dominate the Western Front, the U.S. enter in 1917, and finally ended on November 11, 1918, with an armistice.
What is imperialism
Fueled by economic competition, the scramble for colonies, Social Darwinist beliefs, and the desire for military and political dominance, this 19th‑century global trend saw European powers carve up Africa and Asia—often ignoring local cultures and borders