Language Variation and Spread
Braj Kachru first used this model in 1992, to taxonomy English speakers into 3 categories, according to the status of English as a "native", "transported", and "foreign" language.
What is the Concentric Circle theory?
This Dutch linguist first posited the Ideological Square framework in 1996, which describes how language and discourse can be used to emphases positive self-representation and negative other-representation.
Who is Teun A. van Dijk?
Steven Pinker, in 1994, first used this term to describe the cyclical process in which euphemisms, over time, acquire the same negative connotations as the original expression they were meant to replace.
What is a Euphemism Treadmill?
John T. Platt first developed his continuum of Singaporean English speech in 1975, which comprises of the acrolect, mesolect, and ________
What is a basilect?
American linguist William Labov, in 1963, used this island in Massachusetts as the setting for his survey on how notions of prestige can entrench themselves in a community, thereby establishing an in-group's distinct local identity different from an out-group's.
What is Martha's Vineyard?
"Gender Performativity" is a term coined by this American philosopher in 1990, to describe how gender is not an innate marker of identity, but a set of behaviours and particularly, speech acts, which reinforce its idealised social regultations.
Who is Judith Butler?
Samuel Ichiye Hayakawa, in his 1937 theory, used the terms "snarl words" and "purr words" to describe how language can be used to influence notions of correctness, i.e. ________ lexis.
What is attitudinal?
This American psychologist, in 1973, created a linguistic theory which suggests reasons for why people change their ways of communicating with different parties, using a binary of convergence and divergence.
Who is Howard Giles?
This Singaporean linguist, in 2010, first postulated the Cultural Orientation Model to suggest a greater fluidity experienced by Singaporeans when code-switching between Singlish and Standard English.
Who is Lubna Alsagoff?
New Zealander sociolinguist Allan Bell drew on a 1982 model of Herb Clark and George Murphy to explain this linguistic theory, which suggests that we adjust our style of speech to match our audience's expectations, desires, or needs.
What is Language Style as Audience Design?
Ian M. Hacking, in 1986, used this term to describe how, once assigned a label by oneself or by another, an individual may inherit the social and cultural characteristics associated with it, which can be reflected in the manner of speech employed by the individual.
What is Dynamic Nominalism?
Robert Philipson first introduced this theory in 1992, which links the dominance of English to neocolonialism via the assertion of English's superiority through structural and cultural inequalities.
What is Linguistic Imperialism?
Dwight Bolinger, in 1980, used this phrase to describe the language used to reinforce in-groups' opinions of the individual through evaluative meaning, i.e. stereotypes.
What is loaded language?
This French philosopher originally developed the theory of Interpellation as a Marxist theory in 1970, but in sociolinguistic study it describes how language can allow ideological structures to communicate and reinforce their norms in society using labels and presupposition.
Who is Louis Althusser?