Atomic History & Structure
He proposed the "plum pudding" model after discovering the electron using a cathode ray tube.
Who is J.J. Thomson?
This type of radioactive decay emits a particle consisting of two protons and two neutrons, lowering the atomic number by 2.
What is alpha decay?
This state of matter has a definite volume but no definite shape, adapting to the form of its container.
What is a liquid?
This gas law states that at a constant temperature, the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure.
What is Boyle's Law?
This type of pure substance is made of only one kind of atom and cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.
What is an element?
His famous gold foil experiment proved that the atom is mostly empty space with a dense, positively charged nucleus.
Who is Ernest Rutherford?
This type of nuclear reaction involves splitting a heavy, unstable nucleus into two or more smaller, lighter nuclei.
What is nuclear fission?
On a phase diagram, this unique point represents the temperature and pressure at which solid, liquid, and gas phases all coexist in equilibrium.
What is the triple point?
This gas law states that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its Kelvin temperature, assuming pressure is held constant.
What is Charles's Law?
This type of mixture has a uniform composition throughout, meaning you cannot see its individual parts, like saltwater or air.
What is a homogeneous mixture?
These two subatomic particles reside in the nucleus and contribute to the overall mass number of an atom.
What are protons and neutrons?
This term describes the unique amount of time it takes for exactly half of a radioactive isotope sample to decay.
What is a half-life?
This is the phase change where a substance transitions directly from a solid to a gas without turning into a liquid first.
What is sublimation?
This is the pressure exerted by a gas when it is in thermodynamic equilibrium with its liquid phase in a closed system.
What is vapor pressure?
Flammability, reactivity with acid, and the ability to rust are all examples of this type of property, which can only be observed by changing the substance's identity.
What are chemical properties?
This atomic model describes electrons traveling in fixed, circular orbits or quantized energy levels around the nucleus.
What is the Bohr model?
This type of radiation consists of high-energy photons, carries no charge, and has the highest penetrating power.
What is gamma radiation?
During a plateau on a heating curve, the temperature remains constant because the added energy is being used to overcome these.
What are intermolecular forces?
A liquid will reach its boiling point when its internal vapor pressure becomes exactly equal to this external factor.
What is atmospheric pressure?
This type of physical property, such as mass or volume, depends directly on the amount of matter present in a sample.
What is an extensive property?
This scientist discovered the neutron in 1932, solving the mystery of the atom's missing mass.
Who is James Chadwick?
This process powers stars like our sun by forcing light atomic nuclei together to form a heavier nucleus.
What is nuclear fusion?
Beyond this point on a phase diagram, the distinction between liquid and gas disappears, resulting in a supercritical fluid.
What is the critical point?
This specific law mathematically combines Boyle's, Charles's, and Gay-Lussac's gas laws into a single relationship.
What is the Combined Gas Law?
This laboratory separation technique relies on differences in boiling points to separate the components of a liquid mixture.
What is distillation?