Ethical Standards
Explain informed consent
entering into an agreement to participate in a research study knowing and understanding how it will be conducted.
List 3 types of extraneous variables
participant, Environment researcher
What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative data?
written words vs numerical
Name three types of graphs
column
line
scatterplot
Define reliability
the degree to which an assessment tool produces consistent results
test-retest reliability
interrater reliability
Explain debriefing
an explanation given to participants at the conclusion of the study
What is the difference between the experimental group and the control group?
Control group not exposed to the independent variable
What is a likert scale?
a type of rating scale often used to measure attitudes. Uses a 5 or 7 point scale
What is pearsons correlational coefficient?
The strength and direction of a linear relationship
Strong positive = +1.0
strong negative = - 1.0
weak 0.0
Define validity
the degree in which an assessment tool evaluates what it is designed to do
internal validity- extent to which IV affects DV
external validity- the extent to which the results can be generalised to other contexts
What is deception and why would it be used?
intentionally withholding information from participants. It is used if there is a chance that participants knowing the true purpose of the study would effect results
Name the 3 non experimental research types
observational
case study
correlational
Name a strength and limitation of an open ended survey
provides detailed information, participants not restricted, completed online or on paper
rely on reading ability, data analysis can be more difficult as depth of answers vary
Contrast continuous and discrete data
continuous - infinite number of possibilities that can be broken down into smaller parts eg weight
discrete - finite number of possibilities that can not be broken down into smaller parts eg number of participants
Research limitations- extraneous variables
How can these be addressed?
random allocations of participants
single blind procedure
eliminate experimenter effect
control variables
standardise instructions and procedures
conduct experiment in controlled environment
What are the 3 R's explain each
Replacement- find an alternative
refinement- using fewer animals
reduction- use techniques to reduce stress, pain or harm
Explain the two types of observation named in the text book
(Beyond the syllabus)
naturalistic - participants observed in natural setting
Controlled- observe participants in a structured environment
List one strength and 1 weakness of objective physiological measures
participants are less likely to affect data collection
exercise easily effects physiological measurements
Define measures of central tendancy
descriptive statistics that produce the average set of scores. Need to be able to calculate mean and median
How can we address the following ethical implication?
participant feeling pressured into the study
Uphold guideline of voluntary participation
What is the name of the set of guidelines that ethics committees use to review proposals?
The Australian Code for the responsible conduct of research in 2018
What is stratified sampling? What is one strength?
Research group broken into sub groups based on characteristics relevant to the study, then participants from each group are randomly selected
Generalisability
Reduce researcher bias
Name three objective physiological measures
heart rate
breathing rate
galvanic skin response
Explain the term causation
the relationship between two variables where a change to one variable leads directly to a change in the other
How can we address the following ethical implication?
Participants having mistaken beliefs about themselves
Debrief at the conclusion of the study