Heart Failure Classifications
Heart failure with a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 40% or less is classified as?
HFrEF
What measurement represents the percentage of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each heartbeat?
Ejection Fraction
What cardiac biomarker is released in response to ventricular stretching and is commonly used to help diagnose heart failure?
B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)
What medication class is recommended as initial treatment for patients with acute decompensated heart failure who presents with signs of volume overload?
IV loop diuretics
What ACC/AHA stage describes patients who have structural heart disease but no signs or symptoms of heart failure?
Stage B
What neurohormonal system is activated in heart failure leading to vasoconstriction and sodium and water retention?
Renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS)
What abnormal lung sound is commonly heard in patients with pulmonary congestion due to acute heart failure?
Crackles
Before initiating IV vasodilator therapy in a patient with acute decompensated heart failure, the clinician should first ensure the patient does not have this condition.
Hypotension
A patient is comfortable at rest but develops fatigue and shortness of breath with less than ordinary physical activity. What NYHA functional class best describes this patient?
NYHA Class III
What compensatory mechanism initially helps maintain cardiac output by increasing heart rate and contractility but eventually contributes to worsening heart failure?
Sympathetic nervous system (SNS)
What cardiac biomarker is measured in patients with acute heart failure to assess for concurrent myocardial injury or acute coronary syndrome?
troponin
What four medication classes make up the foundation of guideline directed medical therapy (GDMT) for patients with HFrEF
ARNI (ACE/ARB), Beta blocker, Mineralocorticoid (spironolactone), SGLT2 inhibitor
A patient has structural heart disease and experiences symptoms with minimal activity but is comfortable while resting. Name both the ACC/AHA stage and NYHA class.
ACC/AHA Stage C and NYHA Class III
A patient with ADHF develops bilateral leg edema, Jugular venous distention, and hepatomegaly. These findings are primarily caused by increased pressure in this side of the heart?
The right side of the heart (right ventricle)
A patient with acute decompensated heart failure is receiving IV loop diuretics. Which laboratory values should be monitored daily to assess for renal dysfunction and electrolyte abnormalities?
serum creatinine, potassium, magnesium, and sodium
According to standard loop diuretics equivalencies 20mg of IV furosemide is approximately equal to what dose of bumetanide
1 mg of bumetanide