Herniations
With an uncal herniation, which part of the brain is affected the most?
Hippocampus-memory and learning
What two features are common in people with alzheimers?
Tau tangles and Beta amyloid plaques
What are the two pain receptor axons and where are they found?
A fiber and C Delta
Found in the posterior horn/substantia gelatinosa
Where are huntington disease repeats found in the DNA sequence?
Expressed Region (Exon)
Risks associated with MS?
Cigarette smoking, epstein barr, vit D levels, adolescent obesity
Which herniation is the most dangerous/serious of them all? Why?
Tonsillar Herniation
Brain pushing through the foramen magnum onto the brainstem.
The brainstem controls heartbeat and respirations- those become compromised
What enzyme cuts beta amyloid and causes it to become insoluble creating plaques
secretase
Where in the brain do you actually process conscious perception of pain?
Somatosensory Cortex-Post central gyrus
What code is repeated with huntingtons and what does it code for?
CAG-glutamine
Two types of brain injury?
Diffuse and focal
Describe a subfalcine herniation
Hemorrhage in brain which applies pressure from within and forces brain to be pushed under the falx cerebri.
What gets added to tau and causes it not to work correctly? -causing tangles
Where in the spinal cord are endogenous opiates released?
What common clinical presentations comes with ALS?
Muscle weakness and dysphagia
What is an ischemic stroke?
Atherosclerotic plaque clot in the brain-causes necrosis in the brain and neurons die.
Another term for uncal hernation
transtentorial herniation
What is happening in the brain to cause Parkinsons?
Cells in the midbrain/substantia nigra die. These cells provide dopamine to the basal nuclei.
What two receptors are working from A delta and C fibers during neurotransmission to inhibit pain signals?
mu and MOR
What was the first abnormal gene studied with ALS?
SOD1- superoxide dismutase- inactivated oxygen free radicals. This will form hydrogen peroxide in return.
What is a hemorrhagic stroke?
Burst blood vessel in the brain-causes blood loss in the brain. Blood spilled into the brain is also toxic and kills brain cells.
What type of connective tissue makes up the falx cerebri and tentorium?
immovable dense connective
Most common form of dementia?
Alzheimers Disease
Presynaptically, what do mu receptors reduce the release of in a pain neurotransmission signal?
They reduce glutamate release which reduces calcium release.
Relapsing remitting ms- relapses last days to weeks