Immunodeficiency Disorders
DiGeorge syndrome is considered this general type of immunodeficiency.
What is a primary immunodeficiency?
This bacterium is the causative agent of tuberculosis.
What is Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
An ideal antimicrobial drug demonstrates selective toxicity, meaning it harms the pathogen while causing minimal damage to the host.
True.
This laboratory method uses antibiotic-containing disks placed on an inoculated agar plate to determine bacterial susceptibility.
What is the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test?
This Gram-positive organism commonly colonizes the skin and nasal passages and can cause boils, abscesses, and wound infections.
What is Staphylococcus aureus?
True or False. Primary immunodeficiencies are always caused by an infection or medication.
False.
The classic initial four-drug treatment regimen for active tuberculosis is remembered using the acronym RIPE. Name the four drugs.
What are rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol?
Penicillins and cephalosporins kill susceptible bacteria by interfering with this essential bacterial structure.
What is the cell wall?
A bacterial strain produces an enzyme that destroys the beta-lactam ring of penicillin before the drug can reach its target. What resistance mechanism is being demonstrated?
What is enzymatic drug inactivation by the enzyme beta-lactamase?
A patient develops an extremely painful wound infection that progresses rapidly. The bacteria release toxins and enzymes that destroy fascia and surrounding tissue, creating a medical emergency sometimes called a “flesh-eating” infection. Which organism is classically associated with this condition?
What is Streptococcus pyogenes?
A patient receiving chemotherapy develops significant suppression of bone marrow function and begins experiencing recurrent infections. Is this a primary or secondary immunodeficiency?
What is a secondary immunodeficiency?
A patient presents with fever, productive cough, chest pain, and difficulty breathing. Chest imaging reveals lobar consolidation. The physician suspects the most common bacterial cause of community-acquired pneumonia. What organism should be suspected?
What is Streptococcus pneumoniae?
This HIV-prevention strategy involves taking antiretroviral medication before potential HIV exposure.
What is PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis)?
Efflux pumps contribute to antimicrobial resistance primarily by doing which of the following?
What is pumping antimicrobial drugs out of the cell?
This virus causes both chickenpox and shingles.
What is varicella-zoster virus (VZV)?
Name multiple factors that can cause secondary immunodeficiency.
What are HIV infection, malnutrition, cancer, chemotherapy, immunosuppressive medications, or certain chronic diseases?
A college student has fever, sore throat, dry cough, and mild pneumonia. Despite the respiratory symptoms, Gram staining does not reveal the expected bacterial organisms because the pathogen lacks a cell wall. What pathogen is most likely?
What is Mycoplasma pneumoniae?
Following a potential HIV exposure, PEP should ideally be started as soon as possible and no later than this amount of time after exposure.
What is 72 hours?
A bacterial species is naturally resistant to an antibiotic because it lacks the cellular structure targeted by the drug.
What is intrinsic resistance?
A child develops fever followed by an intensely itchy, generalized vesicular rash. Lesions are observed in several different stages of development. What disease is most likely?
What is chickenpox (varicella)?
A child is born with a genetic defect that prevents normal development of part of the immune system. Is this a primary or secondary immunodeficiency?
What is a primary immunodeficiency?
True or False: Antigenic drift involves small, gradual mutations in influenza viruses and helps explain why the influenza vaccine is updated regularly.
True.
Amphotericin B is primarily used to treat infections caused by this type of microorganism.
What are fungi?
A patient demands antibiotics for a viral upper respiratory infection. The physician explains that unnecessary antibiotic use can contribute to this major public-health problem.
What is antimicrobial resistance?
Following a primary oral infection, HSV-1 typically establishes latency in this sensory nerve ganglion before potentially reactivating later.
What is the trigeminal ganglion?