Anatomy
Pharmacology
Clinical
Biochem
Physiology
100
Difference between the left and right renal veins?
- The left gonadal vein and the left suprarenal vein drain into the left renal vein;
- right --> IVC
100
Why is ARB sometimes preferred over ACEI?
ACEI can produce dry cough in some patients
100
Most common cause of hypertension?
- Essential/idiopathic 95%
- Secondary 5%
100
Interpret the following arterial blood gas (ABG) panel from a 45-year-old patient:
pH = 7.28 (7.35-7.45)
PaCO2 = 30 mmHg (35-45)
HCO3- = 14 mmol/L (22-26)
Metabolic acidosis, partially compensated
100
ADH site of action?
collecting ducts
200
Explain "water under the bridge"
Ureters are crossed superiorly by the vas deference/ uterine artery
200
Why are non-selective beta-blockers contraindicated in patients with asthma?
beta 2 blockers prevent bronchodilator tone, triggering severe bronchospasm and life-threatening asthma exacerbations.
200
List 5 non-pharmacological interventions to manage hypertension
1. Dietary salt restriction
2. Increase Omega-3 intake
3. Regular aerobic physical exercise
4. Smoking cessation
5. Overweight population: weight reduction
200
3 examples of buffers in the body
- Bicarbonate
- Phosphate
- Protein/RBC
- Ammonium/Ammonia
200
Describe the triggers that activate peripheral chemoreceptors
Hypoxia, hypercapnia, acidosis
300
3 constrictions of the ureters and their clinical significance?
1. Ureteropelvic junction
2. Pelvic brim
3. Ureterovesical Junction
Clinical: stone trapping
300
Difference between dihydropyridine and non-dihydropyridine calcium-channel blockers?
Non-dihydropyridine targets smooth muscle cells of blood vessels, heart and GI
300
List 5 risk factors of CVD
Smoking, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, previous/family history of coronary artery disease, diabetes, obesity, male gender, advanced age, peripheral vascular disease, erectile dysfunction
300
What class of receptor do Angiotensin II receptors belong to?
G-Protein Coupled Receptors
300
Physiological actions of Angiotensin II?
- Vasoconstriction
- Release of aldosterone and ADH
- Increases SNS outflow
- Vascular and cardiac cell growth
400
What structures are posterior to the kidneys?
1. Diaphragm
2. 12th rib
3. Psoas majoa
4. Quadratus lumborum
5. Subcostal nerve, iliohypogastric nerve, ilioinguinal nerves
400
List 3 electrolyte disturbances associated with thiazide diuretic use.
Hypokalaemia, hyponatraemia, hyperuricaemia
400
List 3 clinical complications of atherosclerosis
1. Cerebral and myocardial infarction
2. Aneurysm formation
3. Peripheral embolism
4. Peripheral vascular disease
5. Chronic ischemia (cerebral/cardiac)
400
Describe the mechanism of aldosterone
Binds to intracellular mineralocorticoid receptors in the distal nephron --> triggering gene transcription --> Increased number of ENaC and Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase --> Increased Na+ and water reabsorption, excretion of K+ and H+.
400
How does ANP reduce blood pressure and volume? (3)
1. Natriuresis - increases Na+ and water secretion
2. Suppresses renin, aldosterone, ADH and sympathetic output.
3. Vasodilation
500
List the 3 structural layers comprising the glomerular filtration barrier
- Fenestrated endothelium
- Glomerular basement membrane
- Visceral epithelium
500
Adverse effects of Calcium Channel Blockers
- Hypotension, headache, flushes, reflux
- Peripheral oedema
- Bradycardia
- Constipation
- Drug interaction
500
Interpret this ECG + diagnosis
Rate - 90
Rhythm - Regular
Axis - Normal
ST elevation in V2 - V5 --> anterolateral MI
500
What endocrine functions do the kidneys have? (3)
Secretion of erythropoietin, renin and hydroxylation of 25-OH vitamin D3
500
Which nerves carry sensory signals from blood pressure baroreceptors?
- Carotid sinus - CN IX
- Aortic arch - CN X