Cell Basics and Organelles
What are the three main parts that most cells contain?
Cell membrane (plasma membrane), cytoplasm, and nucleus.
What is the primary function of mitochondria?
Produces energy in the form of ATP.
Which organelle consists of two subunits: large subunit and small subunit?
Ribosome
State the basic formula used to calculate magnification.
Magnification=size of specimensize of actual image (or Image length÷Actual length).
What is a photograph of an image taken under the microscope called?
Micrograph
Which organelle contains genetic information (chromosomes) and regulates cell activity?
Nucleus
Which organelle conducts photosynthesis and gives green color to plants?
Chloroplast
What organelle is made of a network of membranous tubules and sacs covered with ribosomes?
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER).
How many micrometers (μm) are in 1 mm?
1,000 μm.
Convert 0.077 mm into micrometers (μm).
77 μm.
Which organelle is a single membranous sac containing digestive enzymes to break down substances?
Lysosome
What are the two main functions of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?
Synthesizes and transports lipids; detoxifies drugs.
What is the main structural component of the plasma membrane?
Lipid bilayer with proteins and carbohydrates.
How many times can modern light microscopes magnify images, and how many times can electron microscopes magnify?
Light microscopes: about 1,500 times; Electron microscopes: about 2,000,000 (2 million) times.
Which cellular structures are responsible for cell movement: short projections vs. a single long projection?
Cilia (short projections) and Flagella (long projection).
Name two cell organelles that have a double membrane.
Mitochondria, chloroplasts (plastids), or nucleus.
Which organelle modifies and packages materials produced by the cell?
Golgi body (Golgi apparatus).
What internal folded inward projections are found in the inner membrane of mitochondria?
Cristae
If the length of an image is 65 mm and the actual size is 13 μm, determine the magnification.
5000× (Calculation: 65 mm=65,000 μm; 65,000÷13=5,000).
What are non-living materials like nutrients and pigments that are not constantly in the cell called?
Cytoplasmic inclusions.
What is the liquid part of the cytoplasm containing salts, ions, proteins, enzymes, and complex compounds called?
Cytosol
Which specific type of plastid gives different colors (yellow, orange, red) to plant parts, and which type is colorless and used to store food?
Chromoplast (colors) and Leucoplast (colorless/storage).
Which organelle includes two centrioles made of rings of microtubules arranged in nine triplets?
Centrosome
An image of a specimen measures 30 mm and represents a magnification of 10,000×. What is the actual size of the specimen in μm?
3 μm (Calculation: 30 mm=30,000 μm; 30,000÷10,000=3 μm).
Why do damaged or infected cells burst their own lysosomes, and what is this process called in the text?
To digest and sacrifice themselves in order to protect other cells from infection or damage ("cells sacrifice their own life").